Música de câmara de Rodil, Pla e Avondano: a flauta na 2ª metade do séc. XVIII e o estilo galante ibérico

O presente trabalho é uma abordagem teórica e interpretativa à música para traverso de António Rodil (c.1730-1787), Pedro Avondano (1714-1782) e dos irmãos Pla. A interação entre as duas componentes do discurso são fundamentos essenciais para uma global compreensão das obras, sendo por sua vez, foco central no tratamento do estilo galante ibérico. A dissertação esta dividida em 5 capítulos; 1. contextualização da prática musical em Portugal na segunda metade do séc. XVIII; 2. o percurso artístico do flautista António Rodil (c.1730-1787); 3. a música de câmara de Pedro Avondano (1714-1782) e a primeira obra conhecida para o traverso em Portugal A Collection ofLisbon Minuets for two Violins or two German flutes and bass (1766); 4. o traverso na obra dos irmãos PLA; 5. reflexões em torno das questões interpretativas.

QuEChERS: a new sample preparation approach for the determination of ibuprofen and its metabolites in soils

Ibuprofen is one of the most used active pharmaceutical ingredients worldwide. A new method for the analysis of ibuprofen and its metabolites, hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen, in soils is presented. The extraction of these compounds from the soil matrices was performed by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The method involves a single extraction of the investigated compounds with purified water (acidified at pH 2.5 with hydrochloric acid), and a slow and continuous addition of the QuEChERS content, followed by the addition of acidified acetonitrile (1% acetic acid), prior to the determination by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (LC–FLD). Validation studies were carried out using soil samples with a range of organic carbon contents. Recoveries of the fortified samples ranged from 79.5% to 101%. Relative standard deviations for all matrix–compound combinations did not exceed 3%. The method quantification limits were ≤22.4 μg kg−1 in all cases. The developed method was applied to the analysis of sixteen real samples.

Salt content in bread and dough from northern Portugal: method development and comparison

In the initial stage of this work, two potentiometric methods were used to determine the salt (sodium chloride) content in bread and dough samples from several cities in the north of Portugal. A reference method (potentiometric precipitation titration) and a newly developed ion-selective chloride electrode (ISE) were applied. Both methods determine the sodium chloride content through the quantification of chloride. To evaluate the accuracy of the ISE, bread and respective dough samples were analyzed by both methods. Statistical analysis (0.05 significance level) indicated that the results of these methods did not differ significantly. Therefore the ISE is an adequate alternative for the determination of chloride in the analyzed samples. To compare the results of these chloride-based methods with a sodium-based method, sodium was quantified in the same samples by a reference method (atomic absorption spectrometry). Significant differences between the results were verified. In several cases the sodium chloride content exceeded the legal limit when the chloride-based methods were used, but when the sodium-based method was applied this was not the case. This could lead to the erroneous application of fines and therefore the authorities should supply additional information regarding the analytical procedure for this particular control.

Determination of methiocarb and Its degradation products, methiocarb sulfoxide and methiocarb sulfone, in bananas using QuEChERS extraction

The present work describes the development of an analytical method for the determination of methiocarb and its degradation products (methiocarb sulfoxide and methiocarb sulfone) in banana samples, using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure followed by liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector (LCPAD). Calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5−10 mg L−1 for all compounds studied. The average recoveries, measured at 0.1 mg kg−1 wet weight, were 92.0 (RSD = 1.8%, n = 3), 84.0 (RSD = 3.9%, n = 3), and 95.2% (RSD = 1.9%, n = 3) for methiocarb sulfoxide, methiocarb sulfone, and methiocarb, respectively. Banana samples treated with methiocarb were collected from an experimental field. The developed method was applied to the analysis of 24 samples (peel and pulp) and to 5 banana pulp samples. Generally, the highest levels were found for methiocarb sulfoxide and methiocarb. Methiocarb sulfone levels were below the limit of quantification, except in one sample (not detected).

Mechanical characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate and poly (lactic acid) blends

In this work, the mechanical behavior of polyhyroxyalkanoate (PHA)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends is investigated in a wide range of compositions. The mechanical properties can be optimized by varying the PHA contents of the blend. The flexural and tensile properties were estimated by different models: the rule of mixtures, Kerner–Uemura–Takayanagi (KUT) model, Nicolai–Narkis model and Béla–Pukánsky model. This study was aimed at investigating the adhesion between the two material phases. The results anticipate a good adhesion between both phases. Nevertheless, for low levels of incorporation of PHA (up to 30%), where PLA is expectantly the matrix, the experimental data seem to deviate from the perfect adhesion models, suggesting a decrease in the adhesion between both polymeric phases when PHA is the disperse phase. For the tensile modulus, a linear relationship is found, following the rules of mixtures (or a KUT model with perfect adhesion between phases) denoting a good adhesion between the phases over the composition range. The incorporation of PHA in the blend leads to a decrease in the flexural modulus but, at the same time, increases the tensile modulus. The impact energy of the blends varies more than 157% over the entire composition. For blends with PHA weight fraction lower than 50%, the impact strength of the blend is higher than the pure base polymers. The highest synergetic effect is found when the PLA is the matrix and the PHA is the disperse phase for the blend PHA/PLA of 30/70. The second maximum is found for the inverse composition of 70/30. PLA has a heat-deflection temperature (HDT) substantially lower than PHA. For the blends, the HDT increases with the increment in the percentage of the incorporation of PHA. With up to 50% PHA (PLA as matrix), the HDT is practically constant and equal to PLA value. Above this point (PHA matrix), the HDT of the polymer blends increases linearly with the percentage of addition of PHA.

Estudo e caracterização mecânica de compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais

As crescentes preocupações ambientais e a necessidade de um desenvolvimento sustentável tem proporcionado um grande interesse no estudo e desenvolvimento de materiais mais ecológicos e amigos do ambiente. No caso particular da indústria dos materiais compósitos, a utilização de fibras naturais de origem vegetal, em substituição das tradicionais fibras de vidro, tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Para além dos claros benefícios ecológicos, a utilização de fibras naturais em detrimento das fibras de vidro, possibilita também o fabrico de componentes com baixo peso, boas propriedades mecânicas, baixo custo, pouco abrasivos às ferramentas de produção e com boas propriedades de isolamento térmico e acústico. Contudo, existem também algumas limitações decorrentes da utilização de fibras naturais como reforço de materiais poliméricos, como exemplo, a possibilidade de emitirem odores e absorverem água, a falta de adesão entre as fibras e as matrizes e o facto de possuírem baixa resistência à temperatura. No presente trabalho, foram estudadas e analisadas as propriedades mecânicas de laminados de matriz termoendurecível de epóxido e poliéster, reforçados com várias camadas de tecido bidireccional de fibras de juta. Para além dos referidos laminados, foram também produzidos e estudados compósitos de matriz termoplástica biodegradável de PLA (ácido poliláctico), reforçados com fibras curtas de juta. Todos os compósitos produzidos foram sujeitos a ensaios de tracção e flexão e as suas propriedades foram comparadas. O tecido de juta utilizado como reforço dos compósitos fabricados, foi caracterizado através de vários ensaios, utilizados tipicamente na indústria têxtil. As propriedades extraídas destes ensaios, foram úteis para a previsão das propriedades mecânicas dos materiais compósitos fabricados.Por fim, foi realizada uma análise critica sobres todos os resultados extraídos dos ensaios efectuados.

Early physiological and biochemical responses of rice seedlings to low concentration of microcystin-LR

Microcystin-leucine and arginine (microcystin- LR) is a cyanotoxin produced by cyanobacteria like Microcystis aeruginosa, and it’s considered a threat to water quality, agriculture, and human health. Rice (Oryzasativa) is a plant of great importance in human food consumption and economy, with extensive use around the world. It is therefore important to assess the possible effects of using water contaminated with microcystin-LR to irrigate rice crops, in order to ensure a safe, high quality product to consumers. In this study, 12 and 20-day-old plants were exposed during 2 or 7 days to a M. aeruginosa extract containing environmentally relevant microcystin-LR concentrations, 0.26–78 lg/L. Fresh and dry weight of roots and leaves, chlorophyll fluorescence, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and protein identification by mass spectrometry through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis from root and leaf tissues, were evaluated in order to gauge the plant’s physiological condition and biochemical response after toxin exposure. Results obtained from plant biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence, and enzyme activity assays showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. How- ever, proteomics data indicates that plants respond to M. aeruginosa extract containing environmentally relevant microcystin-LR concentrations by changing their metabolism, responding differently to different toxin concentrations. Biological processes most affected were related to protein folding and stress response, protein biosynthesis, cell signalling and gene expression regulation, and energy and carbohydrate metabolism which may denote a toxic effect induced by M. aeruginosa extract and microcystin- LR. Theimplications of the metabolic alterations in plant physiology and growth require further elucidation.