Modelo de controlo difuso de um sistema de produção de energia com base em recursos renováveis

A satisfação das necessidades energéticas mundiais, cada vez mais exigentes, bem como a necessidade urgente de procurar caminhos que permitam usufruir de energia, da forma menos poluente possível, levam à necessidade de serem explorados caminhos que permitam cumprir estes pressupostos. A escolha da utilização das energias renováveis na produção de energia, torna-se cada vez mais interessante, quer do ponto de vista ambiental quer económico. O fundamento da lógica difusa está associado à recolha de informações vagas, que são no fundo uma linguagem falada por seres humanos, possibilitando a passagem deste tipo de linguagem para formato numérico, permitindo assim uma manipulação computacional. Elementos climáticos como o sol e o vento, podem ser descritos em forma de variáveis linguísticas, como é o caso de vento forte, temperatura baixa, irradiação fraca, etc. Isto faz com que a aplicação de um controlo a partir destes fenómenos, justifique ser realizado com recurso a sistemas de inferência difusa. Para a realização do trabalho proposto, foram consumados estudos relativos às energias renováveis, com particular enfoque na solar e na eólica. Também foi realizado um estudo dos conceitos pertencentes à lógica difusa e a sistemas de inferência difusa com o objetivo de perceber os diversos parâmetros constituintes desta matéria. Foi realizado o estudo e desenvolvimento de um sistema de aquisição de dados, bem como do controlador difuso que é o busílis do trabalho descrito neste relatório. Para tal, o trabalho foi efetuado com o recurso ao software MATLAB, a partir do qual foram desenvolvidas aplicações que possibilitaram a obtenção de dados climáticos, com vista à sua utilização na toolbox Fuzzy Logic a qual foi utilizada para o desenvolvimento de todo o algoritmo de controlo. Com a possibilidade de aquisição de dados concluída e das variáveis que iriam ser necessárias definidas, foi implementado o controlador difuso que foi sendo sintonizado ao longo do trabalho por forma a garantir os melhores resultados possíveis. Com o recurso à ferramenta Guide, também do MATLAB, foi criada a interface do sistema com o utilizador, sendo possível a averiguação da energia a ser produzida, bem como das contribuições de cada uma das fontes de energia renováveis para a obtenção dessa mesma energia. Por último, foi feita uma análise de resultados através da comparação entre os valores reais esperados e os valores obtidos pelo controlador difuso, bem como assinaladas conclusões e possibilidades de desenvolvimentos futuros deste trabalho.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Porto: cidade amiga das pessoas idosas. Um estudo centrado na perspectiva de idosos das freguesias de S. Nicolau e Sé

Uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas é um meio urbano onde são proporcionadas condições de saúde, segurança e participação que permitem às pessoas mais velhas envelhecerem activamente e viverem com dignidade. A nossa investigação, de natureza qualitativa e exploratória, teve como objectivo verificar se a cidade do Porto possui características de uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas, na perspectiva de idosos residentes neste meio urbano. Para tal, realizamos dois focus groups com idosos habitantes nas Freguesias de S. Nicolau e Sé, seleccionados a partir de uma amostragem por conveniência, tendo sido utilizado um guião de entrevista constituído pelas categorias: espaços exteriores e edifícios; transportes; habitação; respeito e inclusão social; participação social; participação cívica e emprego; comunicação e informação; apoio comunitário e serviços de saúde. No nosso estudo, foi possível constatar que os participantes, apesar de se manifestarem genericamente satisfeitos com a sua vida na cidade do Porto e identificarem algumas características desse meio urbano que podem ser consideradas como amigas das pessoas idosas, descreveram um vasto conjunto de condições da cidade que limitam o seu quotidiano. Neste sentido, relativamente aos espaços exteriores, para além de os caracterizarem como inseguros quanto ao crime, reconheceram essencialmente limitações à sua mobilidade e segurança física, tais como os declives acentuados e as irregularidades do terreno de certos passeios, o curto período de tempo proporcionado para que sejam atravessadas algumas passadeiras e o aglomerar de lixo e estacionamento de veículos em locais destinados a peões. Adicionalmente, os participantes manifestaram-se insatisfeitos com o número de autocarros e paragens disponíveis na sua freguesia e identificaram nas habitações existentes na cidade do Porto um elevado nível de degradação estrutural e uma falta generalizada de condições de conforto, acessibilidade e protecção face a condições atmosféricas. Em oposição, foi possível verificar que a maior parte dos participantes se sente respeitado e incluído nas actividades e eventos realizados na sua comunidade. Da mesma forma, mostraram-se satisfeitos com a variedade de actividades em que têm oportunidade de participar, incluindo actividades de voluntariado e trabalho não remunerado. Aspectos característicos de uma cidade amiga do idoso, tais como a aglomeração geográfica dos edifícios públicos e lojas e a existência de serviços de apoio comunitário foram também identificados.

Knowledge and technologies in innovative information systems

7th Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems, MCIS 2012, Guimaraes, Portugal, September 8-10, 2012, Proceedings Series: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, Vol. 129

Creativity and digital spaces in the intercultural society

In Permanent Transit: Discourses and Maps of the Intercultural Experience builds interdisciplinary approaches to the study of migrations, traffics, globalization, communication, regulations, arts, literature, and other intercultural processes, in the context of past and present times. The book offers a convergence of perspectives, combining conceptual and empirical work by sociologists, anthropologists, historians, linguists, educators, lawyers, media, specialists, and literary studies writers, in their shared attempt to understand the many routes of the intercultural experience. In Permanent Transit: Discourses and Maps of the Intercultural Experience builds interdisciplinary approaches to the study of migrations, traffics, globalization, communication, regulations, arts, literature, and other intercultural processes, in the context of past and present times. The book offers a convergence of perspectives, combining conceptual and empirical work by sociologists, anthropologists, historians, linguists, educators, lawyers, media, specialists, and literary studies writers, in their shared attempt to understand the many routes of the intercultural experience.

Porto: cidade amiga das pessoas idosas: um estudo centrado na perspectiva de idosos das freguesias de Miragaia e Vitória

O presente estudo, de natureza qualitativa e exploratório, teve como objectivo verificar se a cidade do Porto possui características de uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas, na perspectiva de idosos residentes neste meio urbano. Uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas estimula um envelhecimento activo e com dignidade ao optimizar oportunidades para a saúde, participação e segurança. Foram realizados dois focus groups com pessoas idosas habitantes das Freguesias da Vitória e Miragaia, seleccionados a partir de uma amostragem por conveniência, recorrendo-se a um guião de entrevista constituído pelas seguintes categorias: espaços exteriores e edifícios; transportes; habitação; respeito e inclusão social; participação social; participação cívica e emprego; comunicação e informação; apoio comunitário e serviços de saúde. Desta forma, foi possível verificar que, apesar dos participantes identificarem um conjunto de condições que podem ser consideradas amigas das pessoas idosas, a maior parte das características referidas foram encaradas como negativas e com um impacto considerável no seu quotidiano. A participação social, os meios de informação disponíveis e os serviços comunitários são as condições perante as quais os participantes demonstram maior satisfação. Pelo contrário, em relação aos espaços exteriores, referem aspectos, como os grandes declives, as más condições dos pavimentos, os obstáculos nos passeios e a acumulação de lixo, que contribuem para um ambiente desagradável e inseguro. Quanto aos transportes, as modificações na identificação dos veículos, as alterações nos percursos, a pouca consciencialização dos motoristas em relação às necessidades dos mais velhos e as condições das paragens são os principais factores destacados, enquanto as habitações são consideradas antigas e com más condições estruturais e de acesso. De uma forma geral, estes idosos consideram-se pouco reconhecidos e desrespeitados pelos mais jovens e deparam-se com grandes dificuldades no acesso a actividades laborais e de voluntariado.

Porto: cidade amiga das pessoas idosas: um estudo centrado na visão de prestadores de serviços a pessoas idosas das freguesias de Cedofeita, Paranhos, St. Ildefonso, Bonfim e Campanhã

O envelhecimento da população é um fenómeno das sociedades contemporâneas simultâneo à crescente modificação do meio urbano. De modo a responder a estas alterações a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) lançou o projeto Cidade Amiga das Pessoas Idosas que preconiza a adaptação das estruturas e serviços para que estes sejam acessíveis e promovam a inclusão dos cidadãos idosos. A presente investigação, de natureza qualitativa e exploratória, tem como objetivo verificar se a cidade do Porto possui características de uma cidade amiga das pessoas idosas através da visão de prestadores de serviços a pessoas idosas das freguesias de Paranhos, Cedofeita, St. Ildefonso, Bonfim e Campanhã. Pretende, assim, ser um contributo para o desenvolvimento do projeto Cidade Amiga das Pessoas Idosas na cidade portuense. Para tal, realizam-se 3 focus groups com prestadores de serviços selecionados a partir de uma amostragem por conveniência, onde se utiliza um guião de entrevista semi-estruturado com as seguintes categorias: espaços exteriores e edifícios, transportes, habitação, participação social, respeito e inclusão social, participação cívica e emprego, comunicação e informação e apoio comunitário e serviços de saúde. É possível verificar que os participantes partilham, de forma geral, uma imagem positiva da cidade do Porto, contudo, têm tendência a iniciar o discurso pelas características negativas da cidade. Colaboram também com sugestões de melhoria para a cidade. Pela perspetiva dos participantes é possível verificar que aspetos relacionados com espaços exteriores e edifícios, respeito e inclusão social e apoio comunitário e serviços de saúde se destacam pela negativa, enquanto aspetos intimos à participação social das pessoas idosas bem como, à comunicação e informação na cidade do Porto são na generalidade elogiados. Desta forma, indicam como positivo o aparecimento de novas iniciativas como as Universidades Seniores ou o projeto “Afetos” desenvolvido pela Misericórdia; as ofertas dirigidas à população sénior desenvolvidas pelas Juntas de Freguesia e a presença de jornais de distribuição gratuita, em espaços públicos. Por oposição, identificam como pouco amigo das pessoas idosas os passeios pouco largos, com obstáculos e pouco cuidados; a falta de casas de banho públicas; o desinvestimento em atividades intergeracionais e a carência de lares públicos na cidade.

VPPs information needs for effective operation in competitive electricity markets

The large increase of renewable energy sources and Distributed Generation (DG) of electricity gives place to the Virtual Power Producer (VPP) concept. VPPs may turn electricity generation by renewable sources valuable in electricity markets. Information availability and adequate decision-support tools are crucial for achieving VPPs’ goals. This involves information concerning associated producers and market operation. This paper presents ViProd, a simulation tool that allows simulating VPPs operation, focusing mainly in the information requirements for adequate decision making.

Decision support system with incomplete and domain incoherent information management

Many of the most common human functions such as temporal and non-monotonic reasoning have not yet been fully mapped in developed systems, even though some theoretical breakthroughs have already been accomplished. This is mainly due to the inherent computational complexity of the theoretical approaches. In the particular area of fault diagnosis in power systems however, some systems which tried to solve the problem, have been deployed using methodologies such as production rule based expert systems, neural networks, recognition of chronicles, fuzzy expert systems, etc. SPARSE (from the Portuguese acronym, which means expert system for incident analysis and restoration support) was one of the developed systems and, in the sequence of its development, came the need to cope with incomplete and/or incorrect information as well as the traditional problems for power systems fault diagnosis based on SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) information retrieval, namely real-time operation, huge amounts of information, etc. This paper presents an architecture for a decision support system, which can solve the presented problems, using a symbiosis of the event calculus and the default reasoning rule based system paradigms, insuring soft real-time operation with incomplete, incorrect or domain incoherent information handling ability. A prototype implementation of this system is already at work in the control centre of the Portuguese Transmission Network.

A study on dynamic state information (DSI) around users for safe urban life

To select each node by devices and by contexts in urban computing, users have to put their plan information and their requests into a computing environment (ex. PDA, Smart Devices, Laptops, etc.) in advance and they will try to keep the optimized states between users and the computing environment. However, because of bad contexts, users may get the wrong decision, so, one of the users’ demands may be requesting the good server which has higher security. To take this issue, we define the structure of Dynamic State Information (DSI) which takes a process about security including the relevant factors in sending/receiving contexts, which select the best during user movement with server quality and security states from DSI. Finally, whenever some information changes, users and devices get the notices including security factors, then an automatic reaction can be possible; therefore all users can safely use all devices in urban computing.

Histogram-based DNA analysis for the visualization of chromosome, genome and species information

We describe a novel approach to explore DNA nucleotide sequence data, aiming to produce high-level categorical and structural information about the underlying chromosomes, genomes and species. The article starts by analyzing chromosomal data through histograms using fixed length DNA sequences. After creating the DNA-related histograms, a correlation between pairs of histograms is computed, producing a global correlation matrix. These data are then used as input to several data processing methods for information extraction and tabular/graphical output generation. A set of 18 species is processed and the extensive results reveal that the proposed method is able to generate significant and diversified outputs, in good accordance with current scientific knowledge in domains such as genomics and phylogenetics.

Information and communication technologies in education – a web-based intelligent tutoring system on teaching and learning electrical project

Electrical activity is extremely broad and distinct, requiring by one hand, a deep knowledge on rules, regulations, materials, equipments, technical solutions and technologies and assistance in several areas, as electrical equipment, telecommunications, security and efficiency and rational use of energy, on the other hand, also requires other skills, depending on the specific projects to be implemented, being this knowledge a characteristic that belongs to the professionals with relevant experience, in terms of complexity and specific projects that were made.

Analysis and visualization of chromosome information

This paper analyzes the DNA code of several species in the perspective of information content. For that purpose several concepts and mathematical tools are selected towards establishing a quantitative method without a priori distorting the alphabet represented by the sequence of DNA bases. The synergies of associating Gray code, histogram characterization and multidimensional scaling visualization lead to a collection of plots with a categorical representation of species and chromosomes.

Can power laws help us understand gene and proteome information?

Proteins are biochemical entities consisting of one or more blocks typically folded in a 3D pattern. Each block (a polypeptide) is a single linear sequence of amino acids that are biochemically bonded together. The amino acid sequence in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene or several genes encoded in the DNA-based genetic code. This genetic code typically uses twenty amino acids, but in certain organisms the genetic code can also include two other amino acids. After linking the amino acids during protein synthesis, each amino acid becomes a residue in a protein, which is then chemically modified, ultimately changing and defining the protein function. In this study, the authors analyze the amino acid sequence using alignment-free methods, aiming to identify structural patterns in sets of proteins and in the proteome, without any other previous assumptions. The paper starts by analyzing amino acid sequence data by means of histograms using fixed length amino acid words (tuples). After creating the initial relative frequency histograms, they are transformed and processed in order to generate quantitative results for information extraction and graphical visualization. Selected samples from two reference datasets are used, and results reveal that the proposed method is able to generate relevant outputs in accordance with current scientific knowledge in domains like protein sequence/proteome analysis.

European information users: topics from a comparative analysis within the European Union

Purpose – The aim of this article is to present some results from research undertaken into the information behaviour of European Documentation Centre (EDC) users. It will reflect on the practices of a group of 234 users of 55 EDCs covering 21 Member States of the European Union (EU), used to access European information. Design/methodology/approach – In order to collect the data presented here, five questionnaires were sent to users in all the EDCs in Finland, Ireland, Hungary and Portugal. In the remaining EU countries, five questionnaires were sent to two EDCs chosen at random. The questionnaires were sent by post, following telephone contact with the EDC managers. Findings – Factors determining access to information on the European Union and the frequency of this access are identified. The information providers most commonly used to access European information and the information sources considered the most reliable by respondents will also be analysed. Another area of analysis concerns the factors cited by respondents as facilitating access to information on Europe or, conversely, making it more difficult to access. Parallel to this, the aspects of accessing information on EU that are valued most by users will also be assessed. Research limitations/implications – Questionnaires had to be used, as the intention was to cover a very extensive geographical area. However, in opting for closed questions, it is acknowledged that standard responses have been obtained with no scope for capturing the individual circumstances of each respondent, thus making a qualitative approach difficult. Practical implications – The results provide an overall picture of certain aspects of the information behaviour of EDC users. They may serve as a starting point for planning training sessions designed to develop the skills required to search, access, evaluate and apply European information within an academic context. From a broader perspective, they also constitute factors which the European Commission should take into consideration when formulating its information and communication policy. Originality/value – This is the first piece of academic research into the EDCs and their users, which aimed to cover all Members State of the EU.