Sulfadiazine-potentiometric sensors for flow and batch determinations of sulfadiazine in drugs and biological fluids

New PVC membrane electrodes for the determination of sulfadiazine (SDZ) are presented. The electrodes are fabricated with conventional and tubular configurations with a graphite-based electrical contact, and no internal reference solution. The selective membranes consist of bis(triphenylphosphoranilidene)ammonium·SDZ (electrode A), tetraoctylammonium bromide (electrode B), or iron(II)-phthalocyanine (FePC) (electrode C) electroactive materials dispersed in a PVC matrix of o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) plasticizer. The sensors A, B, and C displayed linear responses over the concentration ranges 1.0*10-2 – 1.0*10–5, 1.0*10–2 – 7.5*10–6, and 3.2*10–2 – 7.0* 10–6 mol l–1 (detection limits of 1.09, 2.04 and 0.87 mg ml–1) with anionic slopes of –57.3 ± 0.1, –46.7 ± 0.5, and –65.1 ± 0.2 mV decade–1, respectively. No effect from pH was observed within 4.0 – 5.5, 4.8 – 10, and 4.5 – 8, respectively, and good selectivity was found. The sensors were applied to the analysis of pharmaceuticals and biological fluids in steady state and in flow conditions.

A scalable and efficient approach for obtaining measurements in CAN-Based control systems

The availability of small inexpensive sensor elements enables the employment of large wired or wireless sensor networks for feeding control systems. Unfortunately, the need to transmit a large number of sensor measurements over a network negatively affects the timing parameters of the control loop. This paper presents a solution to this problem by representing sensor measurements with an approximate representation-an interpolation of sensor measurements as a function of space coordinates. A priority-based medium access control (MAC) protocol is used to select the sensor messages with high information content. Thus, the information from a large number of sensor measurements is conveyed within a few messages. This approach greatly reduces the time for obtaining a snapshot of the environment state and therefore supports the real-time requirements of feedback control loops.

Project, modelling and simulation of air stripping columns for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds are a common source of groundwater contamination that can be easily removed by air stripping in columns with random packing and using a counter-current flow between the phases. This work proposes a new methodology for the column design for any particular type of packing and contaminant avoiding the necessity of a pre-defined diameter used in the classical approach. It also renders unnecessary the employment of the graphical Eckert generalized correlation for pressure drop estimates. The hydraulic features are previously chosen as a project criterion and only afterwards the mass transfer phenomena are incorporated, in opposition to conventional approach. The design procedure was translated into a convenient algorithm using C++ as programming language. A column was built in order to test the models used either in the design or in the simulation of the column performance. The experiments were fulfilled using a solution of chloroform in distilled water. Another model was built to simulate the operational performance of the column, both in steady state and in transient conditions. It consists in a system of two partial non linear differential equations (distributed parameters). Nevertheless, when flows are steady, the system became linear, although there is not an evident solution in analytical terms. In steady state the resulting system of ODE can be solved, allowing for the calculation of the concentration profile in both phases inside the column. In transient state the system of PDE was numerically solved by finite differences, after a previous linearization.

Revisão, aplicação e avaliação dos mercados eletrónicos - emarket

Os mercados eletrónicos são sistemas de informação (SI) utilizados por várias entidades organizacionais distintas dentro de um ou vários níveis em termos das cadeias de valor económico (Journal Electronic Markets, 2012). Segundo (Bakos, 1998) têm um papel central na economia, facilitando a troca de informações, produtos, serviços e pagamentos. Durante o processo, é criado valor económico para o comprador, fornecedor, intermediários do mercado e para a sociedade em geral. O comércio eletrónico é o ato de realizar um qualquer tipo de negócio através de uma via eletrónica e é constituído por modelos diversificados onde se destacam o Business to Business (B2B) e o Business to Consumer (B2C). O modelo B2B possui uma quota de 90 % de todo o comércio, sendo esse sucesso intrinsecamente relacionado em grande parte às vantagens que as suas plataformas oferecem às empresas que inseridas nelas (Anacom, 2004). O âmbito principal deste trabalho é o estudo dos B2B, tendo sido para tal definidos os seguintes objetivos: Realizar a identificação do estado atual bem como a evolução dos mercados B2B em Portugal; Caraterização das funcionalidades das plataformas que atuam no tecido nacional e por fim fazer a criação de um conjunto de orientações de apoio a empresas que desejam fazer a inserção nestes mercados. Para serem alcançados os objetivos propostos na dissertação, foram inquiridas várias organizações ao mesmo tempo que foi realizada uma pesquisa de temas e artigos relacionados com os mercados eletrónicos e plataformas B2B, recorrendo a sites como a B-On.pt, e utilizando o motor de busca Google. Este relatório apresenta a seguinte estrutura: No capítulo 1 é apresentada a introdução teórica das matérias apresentadas nos capítulos seguintes; O capítulo 2 é centrado no comércio eletrónico, definições mais comuns e são demonstrados os modelos mais preponderantes do comércio eletrónico; No capítulo 3 são expostas todas as vertentes do modelo B2B, as principais plataformas B2B a atuar no tecido nacional, as suas funcionalidades e modo de operação bem como uma apresentação das principais plataformas a nível mundial; No capítulo 4 são apresentados um conjunto de tópicos de auxílio a empresas que desejem fazer a sua inserção neste tipo de mercados; Por último são descritas as principais conclusões retiradas na realização da dissertação. Em suma, este trabalho reúne um conjunto de dados e orientações úteis, decorrentes do estudo realizado de auxílio a empresas a aderirem aos mercados eletrónicos, visto ser uma abordagem promissora para as organizações.

Symmetry and order parameter dynamics of the human odometer

Bipedal gaits have been classified on the basis of the group symmetry of the minimal network of identical differential equations (alias cells) required to model them. Primary bipedal gaits (e.g., walk, run) are characterized by dihedral symmetry, whereas secondary bipedal gaits (e.g., gallop-walk, gallop- run) are characterized by a lower, cyclic symmetry. This fact has been used in tests of human odometry (e.g., Turvey et al. in P Roy Soc Lond B Biol 276:4309–4314, 2009, J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 38:1014–1025, 2012). Results suggest that when distance is measured and reported by gaits from the same symmetry class, primary and secondary gaits are comparable. Switching symmetry classes at report compresses (primary to secondary) or inflates (secondary to primary) measured distance, with the compression and inflation equal in magnitude. The present research (a) extends these findings from overground locomotion to treadmill locomotion and (b) assesses a dynamics of sequentially coupled measure and report phases, with relative velocity as an order parameter, or equilibrium state, and difference in symmetry class as an imperfection parameter, or detuning, of those dynamics. The results suggest that the symmetries and dynamics of distance measurement by the human odometer are the same whether the odometer is in motion relative to a stationary ground or stationary relative to a moving ground.