Contributo para o plano nacional de saúde 2011-2016 a perspectiva da fisioterapia Isabel de Souza Guerra Janeiro

O Plano Nacional de Saúde (PNS) é um instrumento estratégico, adoptado por cada vez mais países, que permite o alinhamento das políticas de saúde, de forma coerente e fundamentada, com o objectivo da maximização dos ganhos em saúde para a população desse país… …Para tal, o processo de planeamento, de estratégia e de gestão das políticas de saúde deve ser cíclico, interactivo e amplamente participado. Deve ser explícito, fundamentado, monitorizável e avaliado, permitindo a (re)construção de novos planos que criem novas opções estratégicas para a melhoria cumulativa do sistema de saúde e da saúde das populações In Site do Plano Nacional de Saúde. Alto Comissariado para a Saúde. 2011-2016 A Fisioterapia é a terceira maior profissão prestadora de cuidados não só na Europa como também em Portugal. Existem no momento cerca de 6000 Fisioterapeutas no nosso País, grande parte com as suas licenciaturas realizadas em Escola Públicas e é esperável que sejam cerca de 10000 em 2015. Além do número de fisioterapeutas ter vindo a crescer substancialmente tanto nível nacional como internacional, outros factores têm contribuído para a visibilidade da profissão: a World Health Professions Alliance (WHPA) – organização internacional que representava organismos mundiais de quatro profissões de saúde, - enfermeiros, médicos, dentistas e farmacêuticos - integrou recentemente a fisioterapia através da sua representante mundial, a World Confederation of Physical Therapy (WCPT). A WHPA é, neste momento, a maior e mais poderosa organização mundial para os profissionais de saúde. Através das suas cinco organizações representa mais de 600 organizações nacionais filiadas, falando para 26 milhões de profissionais de saúde em mais de 130 países. Esta aliança permite o trabalho em colaboração, de profissionais de saúde de todo o mundo, estando a Fisioterapia ao nível das outras quatro grandes profissões de Saúde. Porém, verificamos não existir ainda em Portugal, compreensão das potencialidades do contributo do fisioterapeuta junto das populações, nem o seu efectivo aproveitamento, tendo os fisioterapeutas portugueses um forte sentimento de que as reais mais-valias da profissão não são reconhecidas. A fisioterapia é parte essencial dos sistemas de saúde. Os fisioterapeutas podem praticar independentemente de outros profissionais de saúde e também no contexto de programas e projectos interdisciplinares de habilitação/reabilitação, com o objectivo de restaurar a função e a qualidade de vida, em indivíduos com perdas ou alterações de movimento. Os fisioterapeutas guiam-se pelos seus próprios códigos e princípios de éticos. Pensamos ser tempo de ver reflectido no PNS o contributo específico destes profissionais e deixarmos de encontrar em todos os documentos da saúde a menção exclusiva a médicos e enfermeiros, inclusivamente em áreas típicas da prestação daqueles profissionais. Nesse sentido deverão ser utilizados os indicadores próprios dos recursos e da prestação em fisioterapia criados pelos próprios profissionais Existem já normas de boas práticas para os fisioterapeutas e para unidades de fisioterapia baseadas em normas internacionais emanadas pela World Confederation of Physical Therapy (WCPT) e adaptadas à realidade Portuguesa, que deverão servir de base ao exercício da fisioterapia.

RiSeG: a ring based secure group communication protocol for resource-constrained wireless sensor networks

Securing group communication in wireless sensor networks has recently been extensively investigated. Many works have addressed this issue, and they have considered the grouping concept differently. In this paper, we consider a group as being a set of nodes sensing the same data type, and we alternatively propose an efficient secure group communication scheme guaranteeing secure group management and secure group key distribution. The proposed scheme (RiSeG) is based on a logical ring architecture, which permits to alleviate the group controller’s task in updating the group key. The proposed scheme also provides backward and forward secrecy, addresses the node compromise attack, and gives a solution to detect and eliminate the compromised nodes. The security analysis and performance evaluation show that the proposed scheme is secure, highly efficient, and lightweight. A comparison with the logical key hierarchy is preformed to prove the rekeying process efficiency of RiSeG. Finally, we present the implementation details of RiSeG on top of TelosB sensor nodes to demonstrate its feasibility.

A sensor classification strategy for robotic manipulators

In practice the robotic manipulators present some degree of unwanted vibrations. The advent of lightweight arm manipulators, mainly in the aerospace industry, where weight is an important issue, leads to the problem of intense vibrations. On the other hand, robots interacting with the environment often generate impacts that propagate through the mechanical structure and produce also vibrations. In order to analyze these phenomena a robot signal acquisition system was developed. The manipulator motion produces vibrations, either from the structural modes or from endeffector impacts. The instrumentation system acquires signals from several sensors that capture the joint positions, mass accelerations, forces and moments, and electrical currents in the motors. Afterwards, an analysis package, running off-line, reads the data recorded by the acquisition system and extracts the signal characteristics. Due to the multiplicity of sensors, the data obtained can be redundant because the same type of information may be seen by two or more sensors. Because of the price of the sensors, this aspect can be considered in order to reduce the cost of the system. On the other hand, the placement of the sensors is an important issue in order to obtain the suitable signals of the vibration phenomenon. Moreover, the study of these issues can help in the design optimization of the acquisition system. In this line of thought a sensor classification scheme is presented. Several authors have addressed the subject of the sensor classification scheme. White (White, 1987) presents a flexible and comprehensive categorizing scheme that is useful for describing and comparing sensors. The author organizes the sensors according to several aspects: measurands, technological aspects, detection means, conversion phenomena, sensor materials and fields of application. Michahelles and Schiele (Michahelles & Schiele, 2003) systematize the use of sensor technology. They identified several dimensions of sensing that represent the sensing goals for physical interaction. A conceptual framework is introduced that allows categorizing existing sensors and evaluates their utility in various applications. This framework not only guides application designers for choosing meaningful sensor subsets, but also can inspire new systems and leads to the evaluation of existing applications. Today’s technology offers a wide variety of sensors. In order to use all the data from the diversity of sensors a framework of integration is needed. Sensor fusion, fuzzy logic, and neural networks are often mentioned when dealing with problem of combing information from several sensors to get a more general picture of a given situation. The study of data fusion has been receiving considerable attention (Esteban et al., 2005; Luo & Kay, 1990). A survey of the state of the art in sensor fusion for robotics can be found in (Hackett & Shah, 1990). Henderson and Shilcrat (Henderson & Shilcrat, 1984) introduced the concept of logic sensor that defines an abstract specification of the sensors to integrate in a multisensor system. The recent developments of micro electro mechanical sensors (MEMS) with unwired communication capabilities allow a sensor network with interesting capacity. This technology was applied in several applications (Arampatzis & Manesis, 2005), including robotics. Cheekiralla and Engels (Cheekiralla & Engels, 2005) propose a classification of the unwired sensor networks according to its functionalities and properties. This paper presents a development of a sensor classification scheme based on the frequency spectrum of the signals and on a statistical metrics. Bearing these ideas in mind, this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes briefly the robotic system enhanced with the instrumentation setup. Section 3 presents the experimental results. Finally, section 4 draws the main conclusions and points out future work.

Detrimental role of prolonged sleep deprivation on adult neurogenesis

Adult mammalian brains continuously generate new neurons, a phenomenon called adult neurogenesis. Both environmental stimuli and endogenous factors are important regulators of adult neurogenesis. Sleep has an important role in normal brain physiology and its disturbance causes very stressful conditions, which disrupt normal brain physiology. Recently, an influence of sleep in adult neurogenesis has been established, mainly based on sleep deprivation studies. This review provides an overview on how rhythms and sleep cycles regulate hippocampal and subventricular zone neurogenesis, discussing some potential underlying mechanisms. In addition, our review highlights some interacting points between sleep and adult neurogenesis in brain function, such as learning, memory, and mood states, and provides some insights on the effects of antidepressants and hypnotic drugs on adult neurogenesis.

Cation transporters/channels in plants: Tools for nutrient biofortification

Cation transporters/channels are key players in a wide range of physiological functions in plants, including cell signaling, osmoregulation, plant nutrition and metal tolerance. The recent identification of genes encoding some of these transport systems has allowed new studies toward further understanding of their integrated roles in plant. This review summarizes recent discoveries regarding the function and regulation of the multiple systems involved in cation transport in plant cells. The role of membrane transport in the uptake, distribution and accumulation of cations in plant tissues, cell types and subcellular compartments is described. We also discuss how the knowledge of inter- and intra-species variation in cation uptake, transport and accumulation as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for these processes can be used to increase nutrient phytoavailability and nutrients accumulation in the edible tissues of plants. The main trends for future research in the field of biofortification are proposed.