Exploring nature profits: development of novel and potent lipophilic antioxidants based on galloylecinnamic hybrids

Phenolic acids are ubiquitous antioxidants accounting for approximately one third of the phenolic compounds in our diet. Their importance was supported by epidemiological studies that suggest an inverse relationship between dietary intake of phenolic antioxidants and the occurrence of diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. However, until now, most of natural antioxidants have limited therapeutic success a fact that could be related with their limited distribution throughout the body and with the inherent difficulties to attain the target sites. The development of phenolic antioxidants based on a hybrid concept and structurally based on natural hydroxybenzoic (gallic acid) and hydroxycinnamic (caffeic acid) scaffolds seems to be a suitable solution to surpass the mentioned drawbacks. Galloylecinnamic hybrids were synthesized and their antioxidant activity as well as partition coefficients and redox potentials evaluated. The structureepropertyeactivity relationship (SPAR) study revealed the existence of a correlation between the redox potentials and antioxidant activity. The galloylecinnamic acid hybrid stands out as the best antioxidant supplementing the effect of a blend of gallic acid plus caffeic acid endorsing the hypothesis that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. In addition, some hybrid compounds possess an appropriate lipophilicity allowing their application as chain-breaking antioxidant in biomembranes or other type of lipidic systems. Their predicted ADME properties are also in accordance with the general requirements for drug-like compounds. Accordingly, these phenolic hybrids can be seen as potential antioxidants for tackling the oxidative status linked to the neurodegenerative, inflammatory or cancer processes.

A framework for the development of parallel and distributed real-time embedded systems

Embedded real-time applications increasingly present high computation requirements, which need to be completed within specific deadlines, but that present highly variable patterns, depending on the set of data available in a determined instant. The current trend to provide parallel processing in the embedded domain allows providing higher processing power; however, it does not address the variability in the processing pattern. Dimensioning each device for its worst-case scenario implies lower average utilization, and increased available, but unusable, processing in the overall system. A solution for this problem is to extend the parallel execution of the applications, allowing networked nodes to distribute the workload, on peak situations, to neighbour nodes. In this context, this report proposes a framework to develop parallel and distributed real-time embedded applications, transparently using OpenMP and Message Passing Interface (MPI), within a programming model based on OpenMP. The technical report also devises an integrated timing model, which enables the structured reasoning on the timing behaviour of these hybrid architectures.

Are known cyanotoxins involved in the toxicity of picoplanktonic and filamentous north atlantic marine cyanobacteria?

Eight marine cyanobacteria strains of the genera Cyanobium, Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Synechococcus were isolated from rocky beaches along the Atlantic Portuguese central coast and tested for ecotoxicity. Strains were identified by morphological characteristics and by the amplification and sequentiation of the 16S rDNA. Bioactivity of dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts was assessed by the Artemia salina bioassay. Peptide toxin production was screened by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Molecular analysis of the genes involved in the production of known cyanotoxins such as microcystins, nodularins and cylindrospermopsin was also performed. Strains were toxic to the brine shrimp A. salina nauplii with aqueous extracts being more toxic than the organic ones. Although mass spectrometry analysis did not reveal the production of microcystins or other known toxic peptides, a positive result for the presence of mcyE gene was found in one Leptolyngbya strain and one Oscillatoria strain. The extensive brine shrimp mortality points to the involvement of other unknown toxins, and the presence of a fragment of genes involved in the cyanotoxin production highlight the potential risk of cyanobacteria occurrence on the Atlantic coast.

Survey of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p<0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p<0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.