A perspective on LCA application in site remediation services: critical review of challenges

The remediation of contaminated sites supports the goal of sustainable development but may also have environmental impacts at a local, regional and global scale. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has increasingly been used in order to support site remediation decision-making. This review article discusses existing LCA methods and proposed models focusing on critical decisions and assumptions of the LCA application to site remediation activities. It is concluded that LCA has limitations as an adequate holistic decisionmaking tool since spatial and temporal differentiation of non-global impacts assessment is a major hurdle in site remediation LCA. Moreover, a consequential LCA perspective should be adopted when the different remediation services to be compared generate different site’s physical states, displacing alternative post-remediation scenarios. The environmental effects of the post-remediation stage of the site is generally disregarded in the past site remediation LCA studies and such exclusion may produce misleading conclusions and misdirected decision-making. In addition, clear guidance accepted by all stakeholders on remediation capital equipment exclusion and on dealing with multifunctional processes should be developed for site remediation LCA applications.

PAH air pollution at a Portuguese urban area: carcinogenic risks and sources identification

This study aimed to characterize air pollution and the associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) at an urban site, to identify possible emission sources of PAHs using several statistical methodologies, and to analyze the influence of other air pollutants and meteorological variables on PAH concentrations.The air quality and meteorological data were collected in Oporto, the second largest city of Portugal. Eighteen PAHs (the 16 PAHs considered by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) as priority pollutants, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, and benzo[j]fluoranthene) were collected daily for 24 h in air (gas phase and in particles) during 40 consecutive days in November and December 2008 by constant low-flow samplers and using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters for particulate (PM10 and PM2.5 bound) PAHs and pre-cleaned polyurethane foam plugs for gaseous compounds. The other monitored air pollutants were SO2, PM10, NO2, CO, and O3; the meteorological variables were temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, total precipitation, and solar radiation. Benzo[a]pyrene reached a mean concentration of 2.02 ngm−3, surpassing the EU annual limit value. The target carcinogenic risks were equal than the health-based guideline level set by USEPA (10−6) at the studied site, with the cancer risks of eight PAHs reaching senior levels of 9.98×10−7 in PM10 and 1.06×10−6 in air. The applied statistical methods, correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, were in agreement in the grouping of the PAHs. The groups were formed according to their chemical structure (number of rings), phase distribution, and emission sources. PAH diagnostic ratios were also calculated to evaluate the main emission sources. Diesel vehicular emissions were the major source of PAHs at the studied site. Besides that source, emissions from residential heating and oil refinery were identified to contribute to PAH levels at the respective area. Additionally, principal component regression indicated that SO2, NO2, PM10, CO, and solar radiation had positive correlation with PAHs concentrations, while O3, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were negatively correlated.

Development of a meso-microscale coupling procedure for site assessment in complex terrain

A procedure for coupling mesoscale and CFD codes is presented, enabling the inclusion of realistic stratification flow regimes and boundary conditions in CFD simulations of relevance to site and resource assessment studies in complex terrain. Two distinct techniques are derived: (i) in the first one, boundary conditions are extracted from mesoscale results to produce time-varying CFD solutions; (ii) in the second case, a statistical treatment of mesoscale data leads to steady-state flow boundary conditions believed to be more representative than the idealised profiles which are current industry practice. Results are compared with measured data and traditional CFD approaches.

Diagnóstico de funcionamento e otimização das ETARs do concelho da Póvoa de Varzim

O tratamento das águas residuais é uma matéria de extrema importância para o município da Póvoa de Varzim, não só por uma questão de saúde pública e conservação do meio ambiente como também pela vertente turística deste concelho, que tem na sua orla costeira seis praias às quais foram atribuídas bandeiras azuis pela sua qualidade. O concelho da Póvoa de Varzim engloba doze freguesias e possui quinze estações de tratamento de águas residuais (ETARs), sendo catorze delas compactas. O seu controlo é assegurado pela divisão de saneamento básico da câmara municipal da Póvoa de Varzim. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o diagnóstico de funcionamento das ETARs do município tendo em vista a identificação dos problemas existentes e a sua resolução/otimização. De forma a poder identificar o princípio de funcionamento e a presença de anomalias nas estações de tratamento, foram realizadas várias visitas a cada uma delas ao longo do período de estágio. A recolha de amostras para análises dos diferentes parâmetros foi feita por um funcionário e estas foram enviadas para o laboratório com parceria com a Câmara Municipal. Após uma extensa recolha de informação no local e de um estudo exaustivo de toda a documentação associada a cada ETAR concluiu-se que apenas quatro delas apresentavam problemas revelantes. As ETARs do parque industrial de Laúndos e do centro histórico de Rates apresentam caudais de admissão bastante elevados devido à descarga pontual de camiões cisterna o que faz com que o tratamento não seja eficaz. Como solução sugeriu-se a construção de um tanque de equalização em ambas as ETARs, com agitador e regulador de caudal, de forma a garantir, respetivamente, a mistura e uniformização das águas residuais domésticas e industriais e que apenas será bombeado o caudal adequado para tratamento. As ETARs da Incondave e das Fontaínhas apresentam sobretudo anomalias a nível do equipamento, o que leva a um mau desempenho da instalação. Aconselhou-se o conserto dos equipamentos danificados e uma inspeção mais frequente das instalações para que mal ocorra uma avaria, esta seja reparada o mais depressa possível. O estágio na câmara municipal da Póvoa de Varzim (CMPV) teve a duração de 10 meses, entre Outubro e Julho de 2012 e foi realizado no âmbito da disciplina de dissertação/ estágio do mestrado de tecnologias de proteção ambiental no Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. Este estágio foi uma mais-valia para mim na medida em que pude consolidar os conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo de todo o meu percurso académico e conhecer a realidade do mercado de trabalho.

Empreitada de construção dos armazéns do polo 2 da plataforma logística do porto de Leixões - Direção e controlo da produção

A Plataforma Logística do Porto de Leixões, administrada pela Administração dos Portos do Douro e Leixões, S.A. (APDL), integra dois Polos situados no concelho de Matosinhos em locais estratégicos para o desenvolvimento das atividades portuária e de logística. É neste contexto que a empresa Luís Simões contactou a APDL no sentido de alugar um espaço para se instalar no Polo 2 da Plataforma Logística do Porto de Leixões. Para que este contrato fosse celebrado existiu um compromisso da APDL de construir dois armazéns com cerca de 10.000m2 cada e ainda um edifício administrativo com cerca de 2.900m2 e todas as redes de infraestruturas, circulações e arranjos exteriores. Após a realização de Concurso Público, a Empreitada de Construção, foi adjudicada à empresa DST - Domingos da Silva Teixeira, S.A.. O presente relatório é referente a um estágio realizado na DST, S.A., em obra, no período de 31 de Janeiro de 2014 e 31 de Julho de 2014. O estágio englobou a direção e controlo da produção das atividades de construção civil que decorreram na empreitada durante este período. O estágio foi efetuado em ambiente real de obra tendo seguido o planeamento habitual de uma empreitada. Foram desenvolvidas numa primeira fase as atividades de preparação e lançamento de consultas de subempreitadas. De seguida foram desenvolvidas tarefas de preparação, controlo de fornecimento, apoio e acompanhamento dos subempreiteiros em obra, destacando-se o acompanhamento dos trabalhos de revestimento exteriores dos edifícios e dos pavimentos de alta planimetria.

Desenvolvimento de um procedimento de Numerical Site Calibration para um Parque Eólico usando Dinâmica de Fluidos Computacional

Esta dissertação descreve o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um procedimento de \Numerical Site Calibration" (NSC) para um Parque Eólico, situado a sul de Portugal, usando Dinâmica de Fluídos Computacional (CFD). O NSC encontra-se baseado no \Site Calibration" (SC), sendo este um método de medição padronizado pela Comissão Electrónica Internacional através da norma IEC 61400. Este método tem a finalidade de quantificar e reduzir os efeitos provocados pelo terreno e por possíveis obstáculos, na medição do desempenho energético das turbinas eólicas. Assim, no SC são realizadas medições em dois pontos, no mastro referência e no local da turbina (mastro temporário). No entanto, em Parques Eólicos já construídos, este método não é aplicável visto ser necessária a instalação de um mastro de medição no local da turbina e, por conseguinte, o procedimento adequado para estas circunstâncias é o NSC. O desenvolvimento deste método é feito por um código CFD, desenvolvido por uma equipa de investigação do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, designado de WINDIETM, usado extensivamente pela empresa Megajoule Inovação, Lda em aplicações de energia eólica em todo mundo. Este código é uma ferramenta para simulação de escoamentos tridimensionais em terrenos complexos. As simulações do escoamento são realizadas no regime transiente utilizando as equações de Navier-Stokes médias de Reynolds com aproximação de Bussinesq e o modelo de turbulência TKE 1.5. As condições fronteira são provenientes dos resultados de uma simulação realizada com Weather Research and Forecasting, WRF. Estas simulações dividem-se em dois grupos, um dos conjuntos de simulações utiliza o esquema convectivo Upwind e o outro utiliza o esquema convectivo de 4aordem. A análise deste método é realizada a partir da comparação dos dados obtidos nas simulações realizadas no código WINDIETM e a coleta de dados medidos durante o processo SC. Em suma, conclui-se que o WINDIETM e as suas configurações reproduzem bons resultados de calibração, ja que produzem erros globais na ordem de dois pontos percentuais em relação ao SC realizado para o mesmo local em estudo.

Novel optical PVC probes for on-site detection/determination of fluoroquinolones in a solid/liquid interface: Application to the determination of Norfloxacin in aquaculture water

A novel optical disposable probe for screening fluoroquinolones in fish farming waters is presented, having Norfloxacin (NFX) as target compound. The colorimetric reaction takes place in the solid/liquid interface consisting of a plasticized PVC layer carrying the colorimetric reagent and the sample solution. NFX solutions dropped on top of this solid-sensory surface provided a colour change from light yellow to dark orange. Several metals were tested as colorimetric reagents and Fe(III) was selected. The main parameters affecting the obtained colour were assessed and optimised in both liquid and solid phases. The corresponding studies were conducted by visible spectrophotometry and digital image acquisition. The three coordinates of the HSL model system of the collected image (Hue, Saturation and Lightness) were obtained by simple image management (enabled in any computer). The analytical response of the optimised solid-state optical probe against concentration was tested for several mathematical transformations of the colour coordinates. Linear behaviour was observed for logarithm NFX concentration against Hue+Lightness. Under this condition, the sensor exhibited a limit of detection below 50 μM (corresponding to about 16 mg/mL). Visual inspection also enabled semi-quantitative information. The selectivity was ensured against drugs from other chemical groups than fluoroquinolones. Finally, similar procedure was used to prepare an array of sensors for NFX, consisting on different metal species. Cu(II), Mn(II) and aluminon were selected for this purpose. The sensor array was used to detect NFX in aquaculture water, without any prior sample manipulation.

Optimizing potentiometric ionophore and electrode design for environmental on-site control of antibiotic drugs: Application to sulfamethoxazole

Potentiometric sensors are typically unable to carry out on-site monitoring of environmental drug contaminants because of their high limits of detection (LODs). Designing a novel ligand material for the target analyte and managing the composition of the internal reference solution have been the strategies employed here to produce for the first time a potentiometric-based direct reading method for an environmental drug contaminant. This concept has been applied to sulfamethoxazole (SMX), one of the many antibiotics used in aquaculture practices that may occur in environmental waters. The novel ligand has been produced by imprinting SMX on the surface of graphitic carbon nanostructures (CN) < 500 nm. The imprinted carbon nanostructures (ICN) were dispersed in plasticizer and entrapped in a PVC matrix that included (or not) a small amount of a lipophilic additive. The membrane composition was optimized on solid-contact electrodes, allowing near-Nernstian responses down to 5.2 μg/mL and detecting 1.6 μg/mL. The membranes offered good selectivity against most of the ionic compounds in environmental water. The best membrane cocktail was applied on the smaller end of a 1000 μL micropipette tip made of polypropylene. The tip was then filled with inner reference solution containing SMX and chlorate (as interfering compound). The corresponding concentrations were studied for 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−10 and 1 × 10−3 to 1 × 10−8 mol/L. The best condition allowed the detection of 5.92 ng/L (or 2.3 × 10−8 mol/L) SMX for a sub-Nernstian slope of −40.3 mV/decade from 5.0 × 10−8 to 2.4 × 10−5 mol/L.

Rapid automated method for on-site determination of sulfadiazine in fish farming: a stainless steel veterinary syringe coated with a selective membrane of PVC serving as a potentiometric detector in a flow-injection-analysis system

Sulfadiazine is an antibiotic of the sulfonamide group and is used as a veterinary drug in fish farming. Monitoring it in the tanks is fundamental to control the applied doses and avoid environmental dissemination. Pursuing this goal, we included a novel potentiometric design in a flow-injection assembly. The electrode body was a stainless steel needle veterinary syringe of 0.8-mm inner diameter. A selective membrane of PVC acted as a sensory surface. Its composition, the length of the electrode, and other flow variables were optimized. The best performance was obtained for sensors of 1.5-cm length and a membrane composition of 33% PVC, 66% onitrophenyloctyl ether, 1% ion exchanger, and a small amount of a cationic additive. It exhibited Nernstian slopes of 61.0 mV decade-1 down to 1.0×10-5 mol L-1, with a limit of detection of 3.1×10-6 mol L-1 in flowing media. All necessary pH/ionic strength adjustments were performed online by merging the sample plug with a buffer carrier of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, pH 4.9. The sensor exhibited the advantages of a fast response time (less than 15 s), long operational lifetime (60 days), and good selectivity for chloride, nitrite, acetate, tartrate, citrate, and ascorbate. The flow setup was successfully applied to the analysis of aquaculture waters. The analytical results were validated against those obtained with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry procedures. The sampling rate was about 84 samples per hour and recoveries ranged from 95.9 to 106.9%.

How does gender affect visiting a world heritage site?

To date few studies have been undertaken in Portugal dealing with the attitudes, motivations, and profile of tourists who visit World Heritage Sites. Also, few studies have dealt with destination image (e.g., Agapito, Mendes & Valle, 2010; Lopes, 2011). As far as it is known, none have approached the issue of gender differences in the choice of a Portuguese heritage destination. Since cultural tourism destinations need to differentiate themselves from each other, appropriate market segmentation must be based on a deep understanding of the customers’ motivations and preferences. Keeping in mind results from empirical literature (e.g., Silberberg, 1995; Beerli & Martin, 2004; Richards, 2004; Pérez, 2009; Sheng, Shen, & Chen, 2008), gender seems to be a possible approach to market segmentation, whether for Guimarães or for other cultural tourism destinations around the world. Located in the north-western region of Portugal, Guimarães is a city of strong symbolic and cultural significance, and the nomination of its historical centre as a World Heritage Site in 2001 enhanced its tourism potential. This study analyses the possible relation between gender and attitudes and motivations towards a World Heritage Site, such as Guimarães. Additionally, the empirical approach used in the study tries to capture differences in the perceived attributes of the city. Commonalities and distinctions within and between groups of tourists, by focusing on the specific characteristic of gender, were analysed. The study addressed two main questions: first, whether males and females have similar or different preferences in choosing the city as their destination; and, second, whether there are gender differences in the perception of the attributes of Guimarães. A better understanding of the gendered nature of the destination is a valuable cue for shaping products and services according to visitors’ preferences.