Controlador dedicado de Ecrãs LCD/TFT

Para dar resposta aos grandes avanços tecnológicos e, consequentemente, à postura mais exigente dos clientes, a empresa Francisco Parracho – Electrónica Industrial, Lda., que tem actividade no ramo dos elevadores, decidiu introduzir no mercado um controlador dedicado de ecrãs Liquid Crystal Display / Thin Film Transistor (LCD / TFT). O objectivo é substituir um sistema suportado por um computador, caracterizado pelas suas elevadas dimensões e custos, mas incontornável até à data, nomeadamente para resoluções de ecrã elevadas. E assim nasceu este trabalho. Com uma selecção criteriosa de todos os componentes e, principalmente, sem funcionalidades inúteis, obteve-se um sistema embebido com dimensões e custos bem mais reduzidos face ao seu opositor. O ecrã apontado para este projecto é um Thin Film Transistor – Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD) da Sharp de 10.4” de qualidade industrial, com uma resolução de 800 x 600 píxeis a 18 bits por píxel. Para tal, foi escolhido um micro-controlador da ATMEL, um AVR de 32 bits que, entre outras características, possui um controlador LCD que suporta resoluções até 2048 x 2048 píxeis, de 1 a 24 bits por píxel. Atendendo ao facto deste produto ser inserido na área dos elevadores, as funcionalidades, quer a nível do hardware quer a nível do software, foram projectadas para este âmbito. Contudo, o conceito aqui exposto é adjacente a quaisquer outras áreas onde este produto se possa aplicar, até porque o software está feito para se tornar bem flexível. Com a ajuda de um kit de desenvolvimento, foram validados os drivers dos controladores e periféricos base deste projecto. De seguida, aplicou-se esse software numa placa de circuito impresso, elaborada no âmbito deste trabalho, para que fossem cumpridos todos os requisitos requeridos pela empresa patrocinadora: - Apresentação de imagens no ecrã consoante o piso; - Possibilidade de ter um texto horizontalmente deslizante;Indicação animada do sentido do elevador; - Representação do piso com deslizamento vertical; - Descrição sumária do directório de pisos também com deslizamento vertical; - Relógio digital; - Leitura dos conteúdos pretendidos através de um cartão SD/MMC; - Possibilidade de actualização dos conteúdos via USB flash drive.

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwaveassisted extraction and liquid chromatography

A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and LC with fluorescence detection (FLD) was investigated for the efficient determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regarded as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene in atmospheric particulate samples. PAHs were successfully extracted from real outdoor particulate matter (PM) samples with recoveries ranging from 81.4±8.8 to 112.0±1.1%, for all the compounds except for naphthalene (62.3±18.0%) and anthracene (67.3±5.7%), under the optimum MAE conditions (30.0 mL of ACN for 20 min at 110ºC). No clean-up steps were necessary prior to LC analysis. LOQs ranging from 0.0054 ng/m3 for benzo( a)anthracene to 0.089 ng/m3 for naphthalene were reached. The validated MAE methodology was applied to the determination of PAHs from a set of real world PM samples collected in Oporto (north of Portugal). The sum of particulate-bound PAHs in outdoor PM ranged from 2.5 and 28 ng/m3.

A multiresidue method for the analysis of carbamate and urea pesticides from soils by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection

A multiresidue approach using microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection was investigated for the determination of butylate, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorpropham, ethiofencarb, linuron,metobromuron, and monolinuron in soils. The critical parameters of the developed methodology were studied. Method validation was performed by analyzing freshly and aged spiked soil samples. The recoveries and relative standard deviations reached using the optimized conditions were between 77.0 ± 0.46% and 120 ± 2.9% except for ethiofencarb (46.4 ± 4.4% to 105 ± 1.6%) and butylate (22.1 ± 7.6% to 49.2 ± 11%). Soil samples from five locations of Portugal were analysed.

Determination of carbamate and urea pesticide residues in fresh vegetables using microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

An analytical multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of seven pesticides in fresh vegetable samples, namely, courgette (Cucurbita pepo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa, Romaine and Iceberg varieties) and peppers (Capsicum sp.) is described. The procedure, based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and analysis by liquid chromatography– photodiode array (LC–PDA) detection was applied to four carbamates (carbofuran, carbaryl, chlorpropham and EPTC) and three urea pesticides (monolinuron, metobromuron and linuron). Extraction solvent and the addition of anhydrous sodium sulphate to fresh vegetable homogenate before MAE were the parameters optimised for each commodity. Recovery studies were performed using spiked samples in the range 250–403 µgkg- 1 in each pesticide. The pesticide residues were extracted using 20mL acetonitrile at 60 ºC, for 10 min. Acceptable recoveries and RSDs were attained (overall average recovery of 77.2% and RSDs are lower than 11%). Detection limits ranged between 5.8 µgkg- 1 for carbaryl to 12.3 µgkg- 1 for carbofuran. The analytical protocol was applied for quality control of 41 fresh vegetable samples bought in Oporto Metropolitan Area (North Portugal). None of the samples contained any detectable amounts of the studied compounds.

Screening of carbamates and ureas in fresh and processed tomato samples using micowave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

An analytical method, based on microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with diode array detection, for the determination of six carbamate and three urea pesticides in fresh and processed tomato samples is described. Significant parameters affecting extraction efficiency were optimized. Under optimum microwave-assisted extraction conditions (20mL acetonitrile, for 10 minutes, at 60º C), pesticides were extracted with recoveries ranging from 57.6 to 102% (RSDs<7%). Quantification limits between 6.5 and 39.6 µg=kg were obtained. A total number of 28 different fresh tomato samples and 6 processed tomato products were analysed. Confirmation of suspicious samples was performed by LC-MS.

Evaluation of formaldehyde in foundry waste sands using liquid chromatography

The industrial manufacturing of metallic objects results in a high level of foundry waste sands that may contain toxic compounds such as formaldehyde. The formaldehyde content of foundry waste sands was evaluated by liquid chromatography. Samples were collected during various steps of the industrial processes. Results showed that the phenolic alkaline process generated waste sands with higher formaldehyde content than the furanic process; the highest value was 7.6×10-3% (w/w). In this work, formaldehyde content decreased with time in all of the samples studied, revealing that most formaldehyde was released to the occupational environment.

Determination of free formaldehyde in foundry resins as its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone by liquid chromatography

Formaldehyde is a toxic component that is present in foundry resins. Its quantification is important to the characterisation of the resin (kind and degradation) as well as for the evaluation of free contaminants present in wastes generated by the foundry industry. The complexity of the matrices considered suggests the need for separative techniques. The method developed for the identification and quantification of formaldehyde in foundry resins is based on the determination of free carbonyl compounds by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), being adapted to the considered matrices using liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection. Formaldehyde determinations in several foundry resins gave precise results. Mean recovery and R.S.D. were, respectively, >95 and 5%. Analyses by the hydroxylamine reference method gave comparable results. Results showed that hydroxylamine reference method is applicable just for a specific kind of resin, while the developed method has good performance for all studied resins.

Fractional dynamics in liquid manipulation

This paper presents a fractional calculus perspective in the study of signals captured during the movement of a mechanical manipulator carrying a liquid container. In order to study the signals an experimental setup is implemented. The system acquires data from the sensors, in real time, and, in a second phase, processes them through an analysis package. The analysis package runs off-line and handles the recorded data. The results show that the Fourier spectrum of several signals presents a fractional behavior. The experimental study provides useful information that can assist in the design of a control system and the trajectory planning to be used in reducing or eliminating the effect of vibrations.

Enantiomeric fraction evaluation of pharmaceuticals in environmentalmatrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The interest for environmental fate assessment of chiral pharmaceuticals is increasing and enantioselective analytical methods are mandatory. This study presents an enantioselective analytical method for the quantification of seven pairs of enantiomers of pharmaceuticals and a pair of a metabolite. The selected chiral pharmaceuticals belong to three different therapeutic classes, namely selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine), beta-blockers (alprenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol) and a beta2-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol). The analytical method was based on solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole analyser. Briefly, Oasis® MCX cartridges were used to preconcentrate 250 mL of water samples and the reconstituted extracts were analysed with a Chirobiotic™ V under reversed mode. The effluent of a laboratory-scale aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor (AGS-SBR) was used to validate the method. Linearity (r2 > 0.99), selectivity and sensitivity were achieved in the range of 20–400 ng L−1 for all enantiomers, except for norfluoxetine enantiomers which range covered 30–400 ng L−1. The method detection limits were between 0.65 and 11.5 ng L−1 and the method quantification limits were between 1.98 and 19.7 ng L−1. The identity of all enantiomers was confirmed using two MS/MS transitions and its ion ratios, according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This method was successfully applied to evaluate effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Portugal. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine were quantified as non-racemic mixtures (enantiomeric fraction ≠ 0.5). The enantioselective validated method was able to monitor chiral pharmaceuticals in WWTP effluents and has potential to assess the enantioselective biodegradation in bioreactors. Further application in environmental matrices as surface and estuarine waters can be exploited.

Novel optical PVC probes for on-site detection/determination of fluoroquinolones in a solid/liquid interface: Application to the determination of Norfloxacin in aquaculture water

A novel optical disposable probe for screening fluoroquinolones in fish farming waters is presented, having Norfloxacin (NFX) as target compound. The colorimetric reaction takes place in the solid/liquid interface consisting of a plasticized PVC layer carrying the colorimetric reagent and the sample solution. NFX solutions dropped on top of this solid-sensory surface provided a colour change from light yellow to dark orange. Several metals were tested as colorimetric reagents and Fe(III) was selected. The main parameters affecting the obtained colour were assessed and optimised in both liquid and solid phases. The corresponding studies were conducted by visible spectrophotometry and digital image acquisition. The three coordinates of the HSL model system of the collected image (Hue, Saturation and Lightness) were obtained by simple image management (enabled in any computer). The analytical response of the optimised solid-state optical probe against concentration was tested for several mathematical transformations of the colour coordinates. Linear behaviour was observed for logarithm NFX concentration against Hue+Lightness. Under this condition, the sensor exhibited a limit of detection below 50 μM (corresponding to about 16 mg/mL). Visual inspection also enabled semi-quantitative information. The selectivity was ensured against drugs from other chemical groups than fluoroquinolones. Finally, similar procedure was used to prepare an array of sensors for NFX, consisting on different metal species. Cu(II), Mn(II) and aluminon were selected for this purpose. The sensor array was used to detect NFX in aquaculture water, without any prior sample manipulation.

21st century quality: Looking into the “Crystal ball”

The discussion of possible scenarios for the future of Quality is on the priority list of major Quality Practitioners Societies. EOQ – European Organization for Quality (EOQ, 2014) main team for its 58th EOQ-Congress held June 2014 in Göteborg was “Managing Challenges in Quality Leadership” and ASQ - American Society for Quality (ASQ, 2015) appointed “the Future of Quality” for Quality Progress Magazine November 2015 issue. In addition, the ISO 9001:2008 revision process carried by ISO/TC 176 aims to assure that ISO 9001:2015 International Standard remains stable for the next 10 years (ISO, 2014) contributing to an increased discussion on the future of quality. The purpose of this research is to review available Quality Management approaches and outline, adding an academic perspective, expected developments for Quality within the 21st Century. This paper follows a qualitative approach, although data from international organizations is used. A literature review has been undertaken on quality management past and potential future trends. Based on these findings a model is proposed for organization quality management development and propositions for the future of quality management are advanced. Firstly, a state of the art of existing Quality Management approaches is presented, for example, like Total Quality Management (TQM) and Quality Gurus, ISO 9000 International Standards Series (with an outline of the expected changes for ISO 9001:2015), Six Sigma and Business Excellence Models.Secondly, building on theoretical and managerial approaches, a two dimensional matrix – Quality Engineering (QE - technical aspects of quality) and Quality Management (QM: soft aspects of quality) - is presented, outlining five proposed characterizations of Quality maturity levels and giving insights for applications and future developments. Literature review highlights that QM and QE may be addressing similar quality issues but their approaches are different in terms of scope breadth and intensity and they ought to complement and reciprocally reinforce one another. The challenges organizations face within the 21st century have stronger uncertainty, complexity, and differentiation. Two main propositions are advanced as relevant for 21st Century Quality: - QM importance for the sustainable success of organizations will increase and they should be aware of the larger ecosystem to be managed for improvement, possibly leading to the emergence of a new Quality paradigm, The Civilizacional Excellence paradigm. - QE should get more attention from QM and the Quality professionals will have to: a) Master and apply in wider contexts and in additional depth the Quality Tools (basic, intermediate and advanced); b) Have the soft skills needed for its success; c) Be results oriented and better understand and demonstrate the relationships between approaches and results These propositions challenge both scholars and practitioners for a sustained and supported discussion on the future of Quality. “All things are ready, if our mind be so.” (Shakespeare, Henry V, circa 1599).