Social gender stereotypes and their implications in Hindi

This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India.

Supplier's selection model based on an empirical study

The problem of selecting suppliers/partners is a crucial and important part in the process of decision making for companies that intend to perform competitively in their area of activity. The selection of supplier/partner is a time and resource-consuming task that involves data collection and a careful analysis of the factors that can positively or negatively influence the choice. Nevertheless it is a critical process that affects significantly the operational performance of each company. In this work, there were identified five broad selection criteria: Quality, Financial, Synergies, Cost, and Production System. Within these criteria, it was also included five sub-criteria. After the identification criteria, a survey was elaborated and companies were contacted in order to understand which factors have more weight in their decisions to choose the partners. Interpreted the results and processed the data, it was adopted a model of linear weighting to reflect the importance of each factor. The model has a hierarchical structure and can be applied with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method or Value Analysis. The goal of the paper it's to supply a selection reference model that can represent an orientation/pattern for a decision making on the suppliers/partners selection process

The Port as a “Non Consensual” Organisation: An IC Management Perspective

This paper addresses a gap in the literature concerning the management of Intellectual Capital (IC) in a port, which is a network of independent organizations that act together in the provision of a set of services. As far as the authors are aware, this type of empirical context has been unexplored when regarding knowledge management or IC creation/destruction. Indeed, most research in IC still focus on individual firms, despite the more recent interest placed on the analysis of macro-level units such as regions or nations. In this study, we conceptualise the port as meta-organisation, which has the generic goal of economic development, both for itself and for the region where it is located. It provides us with a unique environment due to its complexity as an “organisation” composed by several organisations, connected by interdependency relationships and, typically, with no formal hierarchy. Accordingly, actors’ interests are not always aligned and in some situations their individual interests can be misaligned with the collective goals of the port. Moreover, besides having their own interests, port actors also have different sources of influence and different levels of power, which can impact on the port’s Collective Intellectual Capital (CIC). Consequently, the management of the port’s CIC can be crucial in order for its goals to be met. With this paper we intend to discuss how the network coordinator (the port authority) manages those complex relations of interest and power in order to develop collaboration and mitigate conflict, thus creating collective intellectual assets or avoiding intellectual liabilities that may emerge for the whole port. The fact that we are studying complex and dynamic processes, about which there is a lack of understanding, in a complex and atypical organisation, leads us to consider the case study as an appropriate method of research. Evidence presented in this study results from preliminary interviews and also from document analysis. Findings suggest that alignment of interests and actions, at both dyadic and networking levels, is critical to develop a context of collaboration/cooperation within the port community and, accordingly, the port coordinator should make use of different types of power in order to ensure that port’s goals are achieved.

Beliefs and Conflicts in a Real World Multi-Agent System

In a real world multiagent system, where the agents are faced with partial, incomplete and intrinsically dynamic knowledge, conflicts are inevitable. Frequently, different agents have goals or beliefs that cannot hold simultaneously. Conflict resolution methodologies have to be adopted to overcome such undesirable occurrences. In this paper we investigate the application of distributed belief revision techniques as the support for conflict resolution in the analysis of the validity of the candidate beams to be produced in the CERN particle accelerators. This CERN multiagent system contains a higher hierarchy agent, the Specialist agent, which makes use of meta-knowledge (on how the con- flicting beliefs have been produced by the other agents) in order to detect which beliefs should be abandoned. Upon solving a conflict, the Specialist instructs the involved agents to revise their beliefs accordingly. Conflicts in the problem domain are mapped into conflicting beliefs of the distributed belief revision system, where they can be handled by proven formal methods. This technique builds on well established concepts and combines them in a new way to solve important problems. We find this approach generally applicable in several domains.

A Influência da teoria da agência na estrutura de capital na indústria do calçado

apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a Dissertação de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças sob orientação do Mestre Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade Pereira

An organizational culture approach to performance in information technology micro-firms

This study aims to analyze and compare micro-firms’ organizational culture related to organizational performance. A case study methodology was used based on four firms, competitors among themselves in the Information Technology business, focusing on the years between 2008-2013. Findings pointed out many similarities to larger firms, but some specificities of micro-firms were found and propositions were defined: clan culture predominance is related to best performing micro-firms; the configuration of several culture types seemed to be the most suitable for obtaining good organizational results, provided that they do not focus only on hierarchy and market types of culture; the market culture predominance perception by employees is associated with low job satisfaction; and, after a certain time in business, micro-firms, as do larger companies, seek to standardize and control processes. Recognizing that organizational culture is considered important to firms’ results, this study sheds some light on that important factor for micro-firms.

A cultura organizacional e as competências de gestão dos líderes organizacionais: estudo de caso na Dorel Portugal

É sabido da importância que a cultura organizacional tem na competitividade das empresas e o papel que os líderes têm na definição e manutenção dessa cultura. O estudo de caso que aqui se apresenta pretende identificar a cultura organizacional e a congruência com as competências de gestão no contexto específico da Dorel Portugal, empresa do setor têxtil, de produção e fabrico de artigos para criança e bebé. Como referenciais teóricos, foram abordados os conceitos de cultura organizacional, de competências e de liderança, na perspetiva de autores como Schein (1999, 2004), Cameron (2004, 2011) e Quinn (1990, 2011). Participaram neste estudo de caso 43 colaboradores da Dorel Portugal, 6 deles são gestores de topo da organização. Em termos de metodologia foi seguida uma metodologia de estudo de caso e a recolha de dados para a sua análise efetivou-se através de uma pesquisa de campo in loco, com aplicação de questionários a todos os indivíduos sobre a cultura organizacional e as competências de gestão dos líderes, instrumentos baseados no Modelo dos Valores Contrastantes de Quinn e Rohrbaugh (1983) e entrevistas semi-estruturadas aos indivíduos com cargos de direção. Os resultados indicam que a perceção da cultura na organização estudada é predominantemente baseada na orientação para o Mercado, para o Clã e para a Hierarquia, existindo no entanto diferentes perceções de cultura (subculturas) por departamentos. Os resultados demonstraram que embora os líderes organizacionais mobilizem as suas competências de gestão de acordo com a cultura de empresa, segundo a auto avaliação e a perceção dos subordinados existem papéis nos quais devem alargar o seu leque de competências, essencialmente aqueles relativos às culturas de Clã e de Adocracia.

O planeamento estratégico como instrumento de melhoria da comunicação organizacional interna

O planeamento estratégico é uma ferramenta usada pelas empresas, como forma de contribuir para a melhoria do seu desempenho, preconizando a concretização de objetivos. A comunicação organizacional interna é um o instrumento que, para além de traduzir uma mensagem enviada aos vários indivíduos da empresa, ajuda a interpretação dessa mensagem. Este estudo tem como objetivo perceber se, o planeamento estratégico pode ser um instrumento de melhoria conceptual e de gestão da comunicação organizacional interna. Neste trabalho utilizamos uma metodologia de estudo de caso único, suportada através do método qualitativo, com recurso a entrevistas, e do método quantitativo, através de questionários estruturados. As entrevistas aos quadros superiores da empresa foram realizadas com recuso a uma análise de conteúdo, verificando-se ser de extrema importância para a gestão, tanto o planeamento estratégico, como a comunicação interna. Os instrumentos de medida usados permitiram concluir que existem, ainda, algumas lacunas de planeamento e comunicação da empresa analisada. Da análise do caso em estudo é percetível que o planeamento estratégico, como a comunicação organizacional interna, são instrumentos usados com um nível de sucesso suficiente para colocar a empresa no rumo certo e estável de mercado. Por último, entendemos que no âmbito da conciliação dos dois temas, o planeamento estratégico facilita uma comunicação mais fluída, podendo, assim, ser um instrumento de melhoria da comunicação interna. Como limitações deste trabalho relatamos, em especial, a necessária precaução da generalização dos resultados obtidos e a dificuldade em realizar uma análise mais ampla na discussão de resultados, devido aos parcos trabalhos internacionais e, sobretudo, nacionais. A principal originalidade deste estudo decorre de ser utilizada uma análise com triangulação metodológica e o facto de a unidade de análise em estudo ser uma empresa líder na sua área de negócio e setor.