Bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells: a strategy to enhance overall efficiency based on transparent polyaniline electrode

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising solution to global energy and environmental problems because of its clean, low-cost, high efficiency, good durability, and easy fabrication. However, enhancing the efficiency of the DSSC still is an important issue. Here we devise a bifacial DSSC based on a transparent polyaniline (PANI) counter electrode (CE). Owing to the sunlight irradiation simultaneously from the front and the rear sides, more dye molecules are excited and more carriers are generated, which results in the enhancement of short-circuit current density and therefore overall conversion efficiency. The photoelectric properties of PANI can be improved by modifying with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). The bifacial DSSC with 4-ATP/PANI CE achieves a light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 8.35%, which is increased by ,24.6% compared to the DSSC irradiated from the front only. This new concept along with promising results provides a new approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performances of solar cells.

Impacto da Radioterapia no stress oxidativo em modelos celulares radiorresistentes em contexto de obesidade

Introdução: Estudos anteriores em modelos tumorais de glioma e melanoma, tumores radiorresistentes, indicaram que a obesidade pode estar relacionada com um aumento do status oxidativo e com a diminuição da resistência à radiação. Como a Radioterapia é o tratamento frequentemente utilizado para esta patologia, propomo-nos, desta forma, a explorar a influência da obesidade em células de glioma, as BC3H1, e melanoma, B16F10, submetidas a Radioterapia, na presença de agentes oxidantes e antioxidantes, para o estudo da sua influência ao nível da viabilidade celular e do impacto do stress oxidativo. Métodos: As células BC3H1 e B16F10 foram tratadas com t-BOOH (150μM e 50 μM, respetivamente), TUDCA (25μM e 1μM, respetivamente) e com a mistura de t-BOOH+TUDCA em meio DMEM sem soro e meio condicionado (CM), a partir de adipócitos 3T3-L1. Em seguida, parte das células foram irradiadas com uma dose total de 2Gy. Posteriormente avaliou-se a viabilidade celular (teste MTT) e o stress oxidativo (teste TBARS, atividade da catalase, concentração da GSH, e status antioxidante total), às 4h e 12h. Resultados: Observou-se um aumento da capacidade antioxidante total das células irradiadas, comparativamente com as células não irradiadas. O meio condicionado reduziu o stress oxidativo nas BC3H1, ao mesmo tempo que reduziu a sua viabilidade celular. O TUDCA nas células incubadas com MC e submetidas a radioterapia, tendencialmente diminuiu a viabilidade celular, nas concertações em estudo. Discussão/Conclusão: O meio condicionado e a radioterapia, por si só, aumentam a resposta antioxidante total na célula, às 4h e às 12h. O TUDCA nas células incubadas com meio condicionado e submetidas a radioterapia, teve um comportamento citotóxico para as BC3H1, nas concentrações testadas. Revelando a necessidade de aprofundar os estudos da ação deste composto como agente radiossensibilizador, neste e noutros modelos celulares de carcinogénese.

Determination of Microcystin-LR in waters in the subnanomolar range by sol–gel imprinted polymers on solid contact electrodes

The present work reports new sensors for the direct determination of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in environmental waters. Both selective membrane and solid contact were optimized to ensure suitable analytical features in potentiometric transduction. The sensing layer consisted of Imprinted Sol–Gel (ISG) materials capable of establishing surface interactions with MC-LR. Non-Imprinted Sol–Gel (NISG) membranes were used as negative control. The effects of an ionic lipophilic additive, time of sol–gel polymerization, time of extraction of MC-LR from the sensitive layer, and pH were also studied. The solid contact was made of carbon, aluminium, titanium, copper or nickel/chromium alloys (80 : 20 or 90 : 10). The best ISG sensor had a carbon solid contact and displayed average slopes of 211.3 mV per decade, with detection limits of 7.3 1010 M, corresponding to 0.75 mg L1 . It showed linear responses in the range of 7.7 1010 to 1.9 109 M of MC-LR (corresponding to 0.77–2.00 mg L1 ), thus including the limiting value for MC-LR in waters (1.0 mg L1 ). The potentiometric-selectivity coefficients were assessed by the matched potential method for ionic species regularly found in waters up to their limiting levels. Chloride (Cl) showed limited interference while aluminium (Al3+), ammonium (NH4 + ), magnesium (Mg2+), manganese (Mn2+), sodium (Na+ ), and sulfate (SO4 2) were unable to cause the required potential change. Spiked solutions were tested with the proposed sensor. The relative errors and standard deviation obtained confirmed the accuracy and precision of the method. It also offered the advantages of low cost, portability, easy operation and suitability for adaptation to flow methods.

Sertraline accumulation and effects in the estuarine decapod Carcinusmaenas: Importance of the history of exposure to chemical stress

Sertraline is widely prescribed worldwide and frequently detected in aquatic systems. There is, however, a remarkable gap of information on its potential impact on estuarine and coastal invertebrates. This study investigated sertraline accumulation and effects in Carcinus maenas. Crabs from a moderately contaminated (Lima) and a low-impacted (Minho) estuary were exposed to environmental and high levels of sertraline (0.05, 5, 500 μg L−1). A battery of biomarkers related to sertraline mode of action was employed to assess neurotransmission, energy metabolism, biotransformation and oxidative stress pathways. After a seven-day exposure, sertraline accumulation in crabs’ soft tissues was found in Lima (5 μg L−1: 15.3 ng L−1 ww; 500 μg L−1: 1010 ng L−1 ww) and Minho (500 μg L−1: 605 ng L−1 ww) animals. Lima crabs were also more sensitive to sertraline than those from Minho, exhibiting decreased acetylcholinesterase activity, indicative of ventilatory and locomotory dysfunction, inhibition of anti-oxidant enzymes and increased oxidative damage at ≥0.05 μg L−1. The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index indicated their low health status. In addition, Minho crabs showed non-monotonic responses of acetylcholinesterase suggestive of hormesis. The results pointed an influence of the exposure history on differential sensitivity to sertraline and the need to perform evaluations with site-specific ecological receptors to increase relevance of risk estimations when extrapolating from laboratory to field conditions.

Impact of boiling on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of green vegetables consumed in the Mediterranean diet

The effect of boiling (10 minutes) on eleven green vegetables frequently consumed in the Mediterranean diet was evaluated. For that, some physicochemical parameters and the contents of vitamin C, phenolics and carotenoids, as well as the antioxidant activity, were determined in raw and boiled samples. The raw vegetables analysed in this study were good sources of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, with contents ranging from 10.6 to 255.1 mg/100 g, 0.03 to 3.29 mg/100 g and 202.9 to 1010.7 mg/100 g, respectively. Boiling promoted losses in different extensions considering both the different bioactive compounds and the distinct vegetables analysed. Contrary to phenolics (more resistant), vitamin C was the most affected compound. Boiling also originated significant losses in the antioxidant activity of the vegetables. Considering all the parameters analysed, the vegetables most affected by boiling were broccoli and lettuce. The least affected ones were collard and tronchuda cabbage.