Feedback regarding students initial pharmaceutical internship from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca

Introduction/Aims: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the perception of the organization, the development and the evaluation of the initial stage in the internship of students, in order to improve these activities and to establish the adequate objectives in accordance with the changes concerning the concept of modern pharmacy. Materials and methods: An online survey was made using Google Docs ® -Create Form extension. All results were accumulated and computed using Microsoft Excel ®. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions, structured on several levels: the objectives and how they can be achieved, internship organization, the internship training (effective participation in specific activities and integration in the pharmaceutical activity), the assessment, the profile of tutor / pharmacy. The questionnaire was completed by students from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu" Cluj Napoca, Romania. Results and discussions. The study was conducted on 308 students (60% of all students from the study years II-IV. 90% of the respondents had actually participated in the internship, whilst 10% only formally participated in this activity. The main responsibilities of the students were: storage and reception of pharmaceutical products (94%, respectively 79%) and working with the receipts (57%). Most of the students appreciate that they were integrated into the work in the pharmacy, this being due largely pharmacist tutor, who expressed interest and ability in mentoring activities. They appreciated that the role of tutor requires 3-5 years of professional experience. In terms of the internship objectives, these should aim at applying the knowledge gained until the graduation year, but also familiarization with activities which might turn into applications for the coming years. 43% of students believe that only 25% of the theoretical knowledge was useful during the internship. 90 % of the total questioned considered useful to develop a practice guideline adapted to the year of study. Conclusions. The professional training of the future pharmacist’s students depends largely on experience gained by students during the internship activity. Feed-back from the students’ shows that they are aware of the usefulness of the internship, but believe the objectives must be updated and a better correlation between work in pharmacy and theoretical knowledge has to be made. A first step is to develop a practical guide adapted to each year of study. The involvement of the tutor pharmacist is also essential to the success of this activity

Actualities on Nuclear Medicine Applications in Sports Medicine

Aims: This paper aims to address some of the main possible applications of actual Nuclear Medicine Imaging techniques and methodologies in the specific context of Sports Medicine, namely in two critical systems: musculoskeletal and cardiovascular. Discussion: At the musculoskeletal level, bone scintigraphy techniques proved to be a mean of diagnosis of functional orientation and high sensibility compared with other morphological imaging techniques in the detection and temporal evaluation of pathological situations, for instance allowing the acquisition of information of great relevance in athletes with stress fractures. On the other hand, infection/inflammation studies might be of an important added value to characterize specific situations, early diagnose of potential critical issues – so giving opportunity to precise, complete and fast solutions – while allowing the evaluation and eventual optimization of training programs. At cardiovascular system level, Nuclear Medicine had proved to be crucial in differential diagnosis between cardiac hypertrophy secondary to physical activity (the so called "athlete's heart") and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in the diagnosis and prognosis of changes in cardiac function in athletes, as well as in direct - and non-invasive - in vivo visualization of sympathetic cardiac innervation, something that seems to take more and more importance nowadays, namely in order to try to avoid sudden death episodes at intense physical effort. Also the clinical application of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has becoming more and more widely recognized as promising. Conclusions: It has been concluded that Nuclear Medicine can become an important application in Sports Medicine. Its well established capabilities to early detection of processes involving functional properties allied to its high sensibility and the actual technical possibilities (namely those related with hybrid imaging, that allows to add information provided by high resolution morphological imaging techniques, such as CT and/or MRI) make it a powerful diagnostic tool, claiming to be used on an each day higher range of clinical applications related with all levels of sport activities. Since the improvements at equipment characteristics and detection levels allows the use of smaller and smaller doses, so minimizing radiation exposure it is believed by the authors that the increase of the use of NM tools in the Sports Medicine area should be considered.

Image upsampling algorithms applied on Nuclear Medicine: comparision of hqnx and nxSaI algorithms families with two interpolation algorithms - nearest neighbour and bicubic interpolation

Introduction: Image resizing is a normal feature incorporated into the Nuclear Medicine digital imaging. Upsampling is done by manufacturers to adequately fit more the acquired images on the display screen and it is applied when there is a need to increase - or decrease - the total number of pixels. This paper pretends to compare the “hqnx” and the “nxSaI” magnification algorithms with two interpolation algorithms – “nearest neighbor” and “bicubic interpolation” – in the image upsampling operations. Material and Methods: Three distinct Nuclear Medicine images were enlarged 2 and 4 times with the different digital image resizing algorithms (nearest neighbor, bicubic interpolation nxSaI and hqnx). To evaluate the pixel’s changes between the different output images, 3D whole image plot profiles and surface plots were used as an addition to the visual approach in the 4x upsampled images. Results: In the 2x enlarged images the visual differences were not so noteworthy. Although, it was clearly noticed that bicubic interpolation presented the best results. In the 4x enlarged images the differences were significant, with the bicubic interpolated images presenting the best results. Hqnx resized images presented better quality than 4xSaI and nearest neighbor interpolated images, however, its intense “halo effect” affects greatly the definition and boundaries of the image contents. Conclusion: The hqnx and the nxSaI algorithms were designed for images with clear edges and so its use in Nuclear Medicine images is obviously inadequate. Bicubic interpolation seems, from the algorithms studied, the most suitable and its each day wider applications seem to show it, being assumed as a multi-image type efficient algorithm.

Evaluation of ultrasound, ultrasonophoresis and homeopathic mesotherapy on Cellulite treatment

Introduction: Cellulite is a complex architectural disorder with multifactorial etiologies that is prevalent in 98% of the women (1). Nowadays several aesthetic treatments are being used: surgical, cosmetic, physical, mechanical, and thermal. (2) Most treatments lack a substantial proof of efficacy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to test and evaluate the efficacy of Ultrasound, Homeopathic Ultrasonophoresis, and Homeopathic Mesotherapy versus control in cellulite in a population of women from ESTSP. Methods: Female volunteers (n=23), Caucasian, aged between 18-31 years, with BMI 19-27 kg/m2 with clinical cellulite gradation on the Cellulite Grading Scale of 1 to 4 were included in a control controlled study. Subjects were assigned in four different groups: Group I (Control, n=6), Group II (Ultrasound, (n=5), Group III (Homeopathic Ultrasonophoresis, n=6), Group IV (Homeopathic Mesotherapy, n=6). Groups II to IV were treated 3 times per week, for a total of 10 sessions. Cellulite gradation was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the trial by means of clinical photography, using a Canon IXUS 65 (6 mega pixels). For homeopathic treatments Dr. Reckeweg® Rekin® 59, 13 and 42 – Dietmed were used. The rating of perceived pain during Homeopathic Mesotherapy was evaluated by a visual analogic scale (VAS). The equipment Sonopuls 692, Enraf-Nonius was used for Ultrasound and Ultrasonophoresis treatments. Results:The higher number of participants with improvement in cellulite graduation occurred in group II (80%), followed group III (50%) and by group IV (33%). The group in which more changes in cellulite gradation occurred was group II, 20% of the individuals improved their score in 2 points. Results were statistically different between Group I and Group II, p=0,015. During the treatments of homeopathic mesotherapy the pain diminished 1 value in VAS scale. Discussion and Conclusion: Although all the three interventions groups were effective in the improvement of cellulite, as expected from previous works described in the literature, (2) only the ultrasound group was statistically different from control. These preliminary results point to the need of a new study using a higher number of participants and the same methodology.