Mechanical characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate and poly (lactic acid) blends

In this work, the mechanical behavior of polyhyroxyalkanoate (PHA)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends is investigated in a wide range of compositions. The mechanical properties can be optimized by varying the PHA contents of the blend. The flexural and tensile properties were estimated by different models: the rule of mixtures, Kerner–Uemura–Takayanagi (KUT) model, Nicolai–Narkis model and Béla–Pukánsky model. This study was aimed at investigating the adhesion between the two material phases. The results anticipate a good adhesion between both phases. Nevertheless, for low levels of incorporation of PHA (up to 30%), where PLA is expectantly the matrix, the experimental data seem to deviate from the perfect adhesion models, suggesting a decrease in the adhesion between both polymeric phases when PHA is the disperse phase. For the tensile modulus, a linear relationship is found, following the rules of mixtures (or a KUT model with perfect adhesion between phases) denoting a good adhesion between the phases over the composition range. The incorporation of PHA in the blend leads to a decrease in the flexural modulus but, at the same time, increases the tensile modulus. The impact energy of the blends varies more than 157% over the entire composition. For blends with PHA weight fraction lower than 50%, the impact strength of the blend is higher than the pure base polymers. The highest synergetic effect is found when the PLA is the matrix and the PHA is the disperse phase for the blend PHA/PLA of 30/70. The second maximum is found for the inverse composition of 70/30. PLA has a heat-deflection temperature (HDT) substantially lower than PHA. For the blends, the HDT increases with the increment in the percentage of the incorporation of PHA. With up to 50% PHA (PLA as matrix), the HDT is practically constant and equal to PLA value. Above this point (PHA matrix), the HDT of the polymer blends increases linearly with the percentage of addition of PHA.

Mathematical modeling and simulation of heat flow through pultrusion die assembly system for thermoset composites

Pultrusion is an industrial process used to produce glass fibers reinforced polymers profiles. These materials are worldwide used when performing characteristics, such as great electrical and magnetic insulation, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion and weather resistance, long service life and minimal maintenance are required. In this study, we present the results of the modelling and simulation of heat flow through a pultrusion die by means of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The numerical simulation was calibrated based on temperature profiles computed from thermographic measurements carried out during pultrusion manufacturing process. Obtained results have shown a maximum deviation of 7%, which is considered to be acceptable for this type of analysis, and is below to the 10% value, previously specified as maximum deviation. © 2011, Advanced Engineering Solutions.

Hybrid thermoset polymeric composites – an Innovation towards sustainability

In this study, a new waste management solution for thermoset glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) based products was assessed. Mechanical recycling approach, with reduction of GFRP waste to powdered and fibrous materials was applied, and the prospective added-value of obtained recyclates was experimentally investigated as raw material for polyester based mortars. Different GFRP waste admixed mortar formulations were analyzed varying the content, between 4% up to 12% in weight, of GFRP powder and fibre mix waste. The effect of incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Design of experiments and data treatment was accomplished through implementation of full factorial design and analysis of variance ANOVA. Added value of potential recycling solution was assessed by means of flexural and compressive loading capacity of GFRP waste admixed mortars with regard to unmodified polymer mortars. The key findings of this study showed a viable technological option for improving the quality of polyester based mortars and highlight a potential cost-effective waste management solution for thermoset composite materials in the production of sustainable concrete-polymer based products.

Estudo da resistência de juntas adesivas em L entre alumínio e material compósito

As ligações adesivas são frequentemente utilizadas na fabricação de estruturas complexas que não poderiam ou não seriam tão fáceis de ser fabricadas numa só peça, a fim de proporcionar uma união estrutural que, teoricamente, deve ser pelo menos tão resistente como o material de base. As juntas adesivas têm vindo a substituir métodos como a soldadura, e ligações parafusadas e rebitadas, devido à facilidade de fabricação, menor custo, facilidade em unir materiais diferentes, melhor resistência, entre outras características. Os materiais compósitos reforçados com fibra de carbono são amplamente utilizados em muitas indústrias, tais como de construção de barcos, automóvel e aeronáutica, sendo usados em estruturas que requerem elevada resistência e rigidez específicas, o que reduz o peso dos componentes, mantendo a resistência e rigidez necessárias para suportar as diversas cargas aplicadas. Embora estes métodos de fabricação reduzam ao máximo as ligações através de técnicas de fabrico avançadas, estas ainda são necessárias devido ao tamanho dos componentes, limitações de projecto tecnológicas e logísticas. Em muitas estruturas, a combinação de compósitos com metais tais como alumínio ou titânio traz vantagens de projecto. Este trabalho tem como objectivo estudar, experimentalmente e por modelos de dano coesivo (MDC), juntas adesivas em L entre componentes de alumínio e compósito de carbono epóxido quando solicitados a forças de arrancamento, considerando diferentes configurações de junta e adesivos de ductilidade distinta. Os parâmetros geométricos abordados são a espessura do aderente de alumínio (tP2) e comprimento de sobreposição (LO). A análise numérica permitiu o estudo da distribuição das tensões, evolução do dano, resistência e modos de rotura. Os testes experimentais validam os resultados numéricos e fornecem mecanismos de projecto para juntas em L. Foi mostrado que a geometria do aderente em L (alumínio) e o tipo de adesivo têm uma influência directa na resistência de junta.