Adsorption behavior of α-cypermethrin on cork and activated carbon

Studies were undertaken to determine the adsorption behavior of α-cypermethrin [R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(1S)-cis- 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] in solutions on granules of cork and activated carbon (GAC). The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibrium technique. A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to analyze α-cypermethrin after solid phase extraction with C18 disks. Physical properties including real density, pore volume, surface area and pore diameter of cork were evaluated by mercury porosimetry. Characterization of cork particles showed variations thereby indicating the highly heterogeneous structure of the material. The average surface area of cork particles was lower than that of GAC. Kinetics adsorption studies allowed the determination of the equilibrium time—24 hours for both cork (1–2 mm and 3–4 mm) and GAC. For the studied α-cypermethrin concentration range, GAC revealed to be a better sorbent. However, adsorption parameters for equilibrium concentrations, obtained through the Langmuir and Freundlich models, showed that granulated cork 1–2 mm have the maximum amount of adsorbed α-cypermethrin (qm) (303 μg/g); followed by GAC (186 μg/g) and cork 3-4 mm (136 μg/g). The standard deviation (SD) values, demonstrate that Freundlich model better describes the α-cypermethrin adsorption phenomena on GAC, while α-cypermethrin adsorption on cork (1-2 mm and 3-4 mm) is better described by the Langmuir. In view of the adsorption results obtained in this study it appears that granulated cork may be a better and a cheaper alternative to GAC for removing α-cypermethrin from water.

Improving quality-of-service in wireless sensor networks by mitigating “Hidden-Node Collisions”

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) emerge as underlying infrastructures for new classes of large-scale networked embedded systems. However, WSNs system designers must fulfill the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements imposed by the applications (and users). Very harsh and dynamic physical environments and extremely limited energy/computing/memory/communication node resources are major obstacles for satisfying QoS metrics such as reliability, timeliness, and system lifetime. The limited communication range of WSN nodes, link asymmetry, and the characteristics of the physical environment lead to a major source of QoS degradation in WSNs-the ldquohidden node problem.rdquo In wireless contention-based medium access control (MAC) protocols, when two nodes that are not visible to each other transmit to a third node that is visible to the former, there will be a collision-called hidden-node or blind collision. This problem greatly impacts network throughput, energy-efficiency and message transfer delays, and the problem dramatically increases with the number of nodes. This paper proposes H-NAMe, a very simple yet extremely efficient hidden-node avoidance mechanism for WSNs. H-NAMe relies on a grouping strategy that splits each cluster of a WSN into disjoint groups of non-hidden nodes that scales to multiple clusters via a cluster grouping strategy that guarantees no interference between overlapping clusters. Importantly, H-NAMe is instantiated in IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee, which currently are the most widespread communication technologies for WSNs, with only minor add-ons and ensuring backward compatibility with their protocols standards. H-NAMe was implemented and exhaustively tested using an experimental test-bed based on ldquooff-the-shelfrdquo technology, showing that it increases network throughput and transmission success probability up to twice the values obtained without H-NAMe. H-NAMe effectiveness was also demonstrated in a target tracking application with mobile robots - over a WSN deployment.

Modelagem e simulação da dinâmica do arrastamento por ar

Os compostos orgânicos voláteis constituem uma fonte vulgar de contaminação da água subterrânea, a qual pode ser eliminada pela tecnologia do arrastamento por ar (air stripping) em colunas com enchimento desordenado e utilizando fluxos das fases em contra-corrente. Propõe-se neste trabalho uma nova metodologia de dimensionamento destas colunas, para qualquer tipo de enchimento e de contaminante, onde não há necessidade de se arbitrar nenhum diâmetro, onde se evita o recurso a ábacos experimentais e onde o regime hidráulico conveniente é seleccionado à partida. O procedimento proposto foi algoritmizado e convertido num programa em linguagem C++. Para verificar e testar não só o dimensionamento mas também o comportamento teórico estacionário e dinâmico construiu-se de raiz uma coluna experimental. Seleccionou-se como contaminante uma solução de clorofórmio em água destilada. A experimentação permite, ainda, corrigir o coeficiente de transferência de massa global teórico estimado pelas correlações de Onda e que depende de inúmeros parâmetros nem sempre controláveis experimentalmente. Apresenta-se, em seguida, um modelo original de simulação dinâmica do comportamento da coluna e que é constituído por um sistema de equações diferenciais não lineares (parâmetros distribuidos). No entanto, se os débitos forem arbitrados como constantes, o sistema passa a ser linear apesar de não possuir solução analítica evidente (p.e. por transformações integrais). A discretização por diferenças finitas permitiu superar estas dificuldades. Existe uma notável concordância entre os valores experimentais e os previstos no modelo.