Image upsampling algorithms applied on Nuclear Medicine: comparision of hqnx and nxSaI algorithms families with two interpolation algorithms - nearest neighbour and bicubic interpolation

Introduction: Image resizing is a normal feature incorporated into the Nuclear Medicine digital imaging. Upsampling is done by manufacturers to adequately fit more the acquired images on the display screen and it is applied when there is a need to increase - or decrease - the total number of pixels. This paper pretends to compare the “hqnx” and the “nxSaI” magnification algorithms with two interpolation algorithms – “nearest neighbor” and “bicubic interpolation” – in the image upsampling operations. Material and Methods: Three distinct Nuclear Medicine images were enlarged 2 and 4 times with the different digital image resizing algorithms (nearest neighbor, bicubic interpolation nxSaI and hqnx). To evaluate the pixel’s changes between the different output images, 3D whole image plot profiles and surface plots were used as an addition to the visual approach in the 4x upsampled images. Results: In the 2x enlarged images the visual differences were not so noteworthy. Although, it was clearly noticed that bicubic interpolation presented the best results. In the 4x enlarged images the differences were significant, with the bicubic interpolated images presenting the best results. Hqnx resized images presented better quality than 4xSaI and nearest neighbor interpolated images, however, its intense “halo effect” affects greatly the definition and boundaries of the image contents. Conclusion: The hqnx and the nxSaI algorithms were designed for images with clear edges and so its use in Nuclear Medicine images is obviously inadequate. Bicubic interpolation seems, from the algorithms studied, the most suitable and its each day wider applications seem to show it, being assumed as a multi-image type efficient algorithm.

Leis de potência em economia e finanças

Nesta dissertação aborda-se a aplicação de Leis de Potência (LPs), também designadas de Leis de Pareto ou Leis de Zipf, a dados económicos. As LPs são distribuições estatísticas amplamente usadas na compreensão de sistemas naturais e artificiais. O aparecimento das LPs deve-se a Vilfredo Pareto que, no século XIX, publicou o manual de economia política,“Cours d’Economie Politique”. Nesse manual refere que grande parte da economia mundial segue uma LP, em que 20% da população reúne 80% da riqueza do país. Esta propriedade carateriza uma variável que segue uma distribuição de Pareto (ou LP). Desde então, as LPs foram aplicadas a outros fenómenos, nomeadamente a ocorrência de palavras em textos, os sobrenomes das pessoas, a variação dos rendimentos pessoais ou de empresas, o número de vítimas de inundações ou tremores de terra, os acessos a sítios da internet, etc. Neste trabalho, é estudado um conjunto de dados relativos às fortunas particulares ou coletivas de pessoas ou organizações. Mais concretamente são analisados dados recolhidos sobre as fortunas das mulheres mais ricas do mundo, dos homens mais ricos no ramo da tecnologia, das famílias mais ricas, das 20 mulheres mais ricas da América, dos 400 homens mais ricos da América, dos homens mais ricos do mundo, dos estabelecimentos mais ricos do mundo, das empresas mais ricas do mundo e dos países mais ricos do mundo, bem como o valor de algumas empresas no mercado de ações. Os resultados obtidos revelam uma boa aproximação de parte desses dados a uma LP simples e uma boa aproximação pelos restantes dados a uma LP dupla. Observa-se, assim, diferenciação na forma de crescimento das fortunas nos diferentes casos estudados. Como trabalho futuro, procurar-se-á analisar estes e outros dados, utilizando outras distribuições estatísticas, como a exponencial ou a lognormal, que possuem comportamentos semelhantes à LP, com o intuito de serem comparados os resultados. Um outro aspeto interessante será o de encontrar a explicação analítica para as vantagens da aproximação de dados económicos por uma LP simples vs por uma LP dupla.

Criteria for the selection of foster families and monitoring of placements.: Comparative study of the application of the Casey Foster Applicant Inventory-Applicant Version (CFAI-A)

Based on a literature review, this article frames different stages of the foster care process, identifying a set of standardized measures in the American and Portuguese contexts which, if implemented, could contribute towards higher levels of foster success. The article continues with the presentation of a comparative study, based on the application of the Casey Foster Applicant Inventory-Applicant Version (CFAI-A) questionnaire, in the aforementioned contexts. Taking a comparative analyses of CFAI-A's psychometric characteristics in four different samples as a starting point, one discovered that despite the fact that the questionnaire was adapted to Portuguese reality, it kept the quality values presented on the American samples. It specifically shows significant values regarding reliability and validity. This questionnaire, which aims to assess the potential of foster families, also supports the technical staff's decision making process regarding the monitoring and support of foster families, while it also promotes a better decision in the placement process towards the child's integration and development.

Explosion of smoothness from a point to everywhere for conjugacies between Markov families

For uniformly asymptotically affine (uaa) Markov maps on train tracks, we prove the following type of rigidity result: if a topological conjugacy between them is (uaa) at a point in the train track then the conjugacy is (uaa) everywhere. In particular, our methods apply to the case in which the domains of the Markov maps are Canter sets. We also present similar statements for (uaa:) and C-r Markov families. These results generalize the similar ones of Sullivan and de Faria for C-r expanding circle maps with r > 1 and have useful applications to hyperbolic dynamics on surfaces and laminations.