Impact of using solar heat pumps for domestic hot water in Portuguese residential buildings

In recent years, we have seen an improvement of existing facilities in dwellings in Portugal. Within the heat pumps systems, there is a special type known as direct expansion heat pump assisted by Solar Collector (DX-SAHP). It was calculate the SPF indicator for 30 regions of Portugal. It was analyses the potential of reductions of CO2 and primary energy use for the retrofitting of DHW preparation systems. It was found that the performances of this type of equipment are benefiting from the Portuguese climate conditions, especially in the South and in the Autonomous Regions. Best SPF was obtained for Beja. It was found in all regions of the high potential for reducing CO2 emissions and verifying a potential significant reduction of primary energy consumption.

Estudo de uma bomba de calor de expansão direta assistida por energia solar para a preparação de AQS

Este estudo consiste na caracterização da eficiência energética de uma bomba de calor de expansão direta que utiliza a energia solar como fonte térmica. De uma forma geral, teve-se a obrigação de procurar cada vez mais recursos renováveis e neste sentido a bomba de calor de expansão direta tem um papel importante no aquecimento de águas quentes sanitárias (AQS). Como ponto de partida, foi realizada uma descrição detalhada sobre todos os equipamentos da bomba de calor e elaborado um desenho técnico que identifica todos os componentes. No laboratório (casa inteligente) realizaram-se vários ensaios a fim de interpretar com rigor os resultados obtidos do desempenho da bomba de calor (COP) e do fator médio de desempenho sazonal (SPF). No início, realizaram-se ensaios para determinar as perdas estáticas do sistema termodinâmico, de seguida foram elaborados ensaios segundo a norma EN 16147 e por fim, ensaios de acordo com o perfil de utilização de AQS definido. No estudo experimental do COP, obteve-se uma elevada eficiência energética com um valor médio de 4,12. O COP aumenta para valores médios de 5 quando a temperatura de água no termoacumulador desce para 35ºC. Verificou-se que durante o período diurno o COP aumenta aproximadamente de 10% relativamente ao período noturno. A potência elétrica é mais elevada (450W) quando a água no termoacumulador está perto da temperatura desejável (55ºC), originando um esforço maior da bomba de calor. No estudo experimental do SPF, verificou-se que nos ensaios segundo a norma EN16147 os valores obtidos variaram entre 1,39 e 1,50 (Classe “B”). No estudo realizado de acordo com o perfil de utilização de AQS definido pelo utilizador, o SPF é superior em 12% relativamente ao obtido segundo os ensaios realizados de acordo a norma EN16147. Verificou-se que o aumento da temperatura do ar exterior implica um aumento do SPF (cerca de 2% a 5%), enquanto a energia solar não influência nos resultados.

A data-mining-based methodology for transmission expansion planning

In recent decades, all over the world, competition in the electric power sector has deeply changed the way this sector’s agents play their roles. In most countries, electric process deregulation was conducted in stages, beginning with the clients of higher voltage levels and with larger electricity consumption, and later extended to all electrical consumers. The sector liberalization and the operation of competitive electricity markets were expected to lower prices and improve quality of service, leading to greater consumer satisfaction. Transmission and distribution remain noncompetitive business areas, due to the large infrastructure investments required. However, the industry has yet to clearly establish the best business model for transmission in a competitive environment. After generation, the electricity needs to be delivered to the electrical system nodes where demand requires it, taking into consideration transmission constraints and electrical losses. If the amount of power flowing through a certain line is close to or surpasses the safety limits, then cheap but distant generation might have to be replaced by more expensive closer generation to reduce the exceeded power flows. In a congested area, the optimal price of electricity rises to the marginal cost of the local generation or to the level needed to ration demand to the amount of available electricity. Even without congestion, some power will be lost in the transmission system through heat dissipation, so prices reflect that it is more expensive to supply electricity at the far end of a heavily loaded line than close to an electric power generation. Locational marginal pricing (LMP), resulting from bidding competition, represents electrical and economical values at nodes or in areas that may provide economical indicator signals to the market agents. This article proposes a data-mining-based methodology that helps characterize zonal prices in real power transmission networks. To test our methodology, we used an LMP database from the California Independent System Operator for 2009 to identify economical zones. (CAISO is a nonprofit public benefit corporation charged with operating the majority of California’s high-voltage wholesale power grid.) To group the buses into typical classes that represent a set of buses with the approximate LMP value, we used two-step and k-means clustering algorithms. By analyzing the various LMP components, our goal was to extract knowledge to support the ISO in investment and network-expansion planning.