Geotecnia urbana da zona ribeirinha de Vila Nova de Gaia (Cais de Gaia, Santa Marinha – Lavadores, Canidelo): uma avaliação preliminar

Mestrado em Engenharia Geotécnica e Geoambiente

Geotecnia urbana da zona ribeirinha de Vila Nova de Gaia: criação de uma base de dados SIG geotécnica

O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados dos estudos geotécnicos e de uma base de dados da zona ribeirinha de Vila Nova de Gaia, com o objectivo de compreender melhor os aspectos geotécnicos em ambiente urbano numa área sensível com um registo histórico de instabilidade de taludes rochosos. Além disso, os escassos estudos científicos recentes de natureza geológica e geotécnica em Vila Nova de Gaia justificam o estudo exploratório da geotecnia urbana da zona ribeirinha de Vila Nova de Gaia. A importância de Vila Nova de Gaia como a terceira maior cidade portuguesa e como centro de intensa actividade económica e cultural despoleta uma constante necessidade de expansão. O aumento da densidade populacional acarreta a realização de projectos complexos de engenharia, utilizando o subsolo para a construção e, com frequência, em terrenos com características geotécnicas desfavoráveis. As cidades de Vila Nova de Gaia e do Porto foram sendo edificadas ao longo de encostas numa plataforma litoral caracterizada por uma vasta área aplanada, inclinando ligeiramente para Oeste. Esta plataforma foi cortada pelo Rio Douro num vale encaixado de vertentes abruptas, nas quais se localizam as zonas ribeirinhas das duas cidades. Este trabalho envolveu, inicialmente, uma caracterização topográfica, morfoestrutural, geotectónica e geomecânica da área de estudo e, numa fase posterior, o desenvolvimento duma base de dados geotécnica. Todos os dados geológicos e geotécnicos locais e os estudos geotécnicos levados a cabo in situ pelas diversas empresas e instituições foram representados cartograficamente numa base apoiada pelos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Esta metodologia inter‐disciplinar foi de grande valor para um melhor conhecimento dos riscos geológico‐geotécnicos ao longo das margens do Rio Douro. De facto, a cartografia geotécnica da zona ribeirinha de Vila Nova de Gaia deve constituir uma ferramenta importante para uma previsão mais rigorosa de futuras instabilidades de taludes e um bom instrumento para a gestão do espaço urbano.

Contribuição da fluorescência de Raios–X na avaliação e modelação de georrecursos

O presente estudo diz respeito a um trabalho de pesquisa no âmbito de uma Tese de Mestrado compreendida no segundo ciclo de estudos do curso de Engenharia Geotécnica e Geoambiente, realizado sobre a contribuição da Fluorescência de Raios – X (FRX) no Zonamento de Georrecursos, com particular ênfase para a utilização do instrumento portátil e de ferramentas tecnológicas de vanguarda, indispensáveis à prospecção e exploração dos recursos minerais, designadamente na interpretação e integração de dados de natureza geológica e na modelação de métodos de exploração e processamento /tratamento de depósitos minerais, assim como do respectivo controlo. Esta dissertação discute os aspectos fundamentais da utilização da técnica de Fluorescência de Raios-X (portátil, FRXP), quanto à sua possibilidade de aplicação e metodologia exigida, com vista à definição de zonas com características químicas análogas do georrecurso e que preencham as exigências especificadas para a utilização da matéria-prima, nas indústrias consumidoras. Foi elaborada uma campanha de recolha de amostras de calcário proveniente da pedreira do Sangardão, em Condeixa–a–Nova, que numa primeira fase teve como objectivo principal a identificação da composição química da área em estudo e o grau de precisão do aparelho portátil de FRX. Para além desta análise foram, também, realizadas análises granulométricas por peneiração e sedimentação por Raios-X a amostras provenientes das bacias de sedimentação e do material passado no filtro prensa. Validado o método de análise por FRXP, realizou-se uma segunda fase deste trabalho, que consistiu na elaboração de uma amostragem bastante significativa de pontos, onde se realizaram análises por FRXP, de forma a obter uma maior cobertura química da área em estudo e localizar os locais chave de exploração da matéria-prima. Para uma correcta leitura dos dados analisados recorreu-se a ferramentas aliadas às novas tecnologias, as quais se mostraram um importante contributo para uma boa gestão do georrecurso em avaliação, nomeadamente o “XLSTAT” e o “Surfer” para tratamento estatístico dos dados e modelação, respectivamente.

Geotecnia dos túneis do maciço de Paranhos: avaliação hidrogeomecânica exploratória

As classificações geomecânicas são uma das abordagens mais reconhecidas para estimar a qualidade do maciço rochoso, face à sua simplicidade e competência para gerir incertezas. As incertezas geológicas e geotécnicas podem ser avaliadas de forma eficaz usando classificações adequadas. Este estudo pretende enfatizar a importância das classificações geomecânicas e índices geomecânicos, tais como a Rock Mass Rating (RMR), a Rock Tunnelling Quality Index (Qsystem), o Geological Strength Index (GSI) e o Hydro‐Potential (HP) Value, para ajuizar a qualidade do maciço rochoso granítico das galerias subterrâneas de Paranhos (setor de Carvalhido ‐ Burgães; área urbana do Porto). Em particular, o valor hidro‐potencial (HP‐value) é uma classificação semi‐quantitativa aplicada a maciços rochosos que permite estimar as infiltrações de água subterrânea em escavações de terrenos rochosos. Para esta avaliação foi compilada e integrada uma extensa base de dados geológico‐geotécnica e geomecânica, apoiada na técnica de amostragem linear de superfícies expostas descontinuidades. Para refinar o zonamento geotécnico do maciço rochoso granítico, previamente realizado em 2010, foram coletadas amostras de rocha em pontos‐chave, com o objetivo de avaliar a sua resistência através do Ensaio de Carga Pontual (PLT). A aplicação das classificações geomecânicas foi realizada de uma forma equilibrada, estabelecendo diferentes cenários e tendo sempre em conta o conhecimento das características do maciço in situ. Apresenta‐se uma proposta de zonamento hidrogeomecânico com o objetivo de compreender melhor a circulação geo‐hidráulica do maciço rochoso granítico. Pretende‐se com esta metodologia contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento do substrato rochoso do Porto, nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao seu comportamento geomecânico.

Engineering hybrid wired/wireless fieldbus networks - a case study

Advances in networking and information technologies are transforming factory-floor communication systems into a mainstream activity within industrial automation. It is now recognized that future industrial computer systems will be intimately tied to real-time computing and to communication technologies. For this vision to succeed, complex heterogeneous factory-floor communication networks (including mobile/wireless components) need to function in a predictable, flawless, efficient and interoperable way. In this paper we re-visit the issue of supporting real-time communications in hybrid wired/wireless fieldbus-based networks, bringing into it some experimental results obtained in the framework of the RFieldbus ISEP pilot.

Engineering real-time applications with WorldFIP: tools and analysis

WorldFIP is standardised as European Norm EN 50170 - General Purpose Field Communication System. Field communication systems (fieldbuses) started to be widely used as the communication support for distributed computer-controlled systems (DCCS), and are being used in all sorts of process control and manufacturing applications within different types of industries. There are several advantages in using fieldbuses as a replacement of for the traditional point-to-point links between sensors/actuators and computer-based control systems. Indeed they concern economical ones (cable savings) but, importantly, fieldbuses allow an increased decentralisation and distribution of the processing power over the field. Typically DCCS have real-time requirements that must be fulfilled. By this, we mean that process data must be transferred between network computing nodes within a maximum admissible time span. WorldFIP has very interesting mechanisms to schedule data transfers. It explicit distinguishes to types of traffic: periodic and aperiodic. In this paper we describe how WorldFIP handles these two types of traffic, and more importantly, we provide a comprehensive analysis for guaranteeing the real-time requirements of both types of traffic. A major contribution is made in the analysis of worst-case response time of aperiodic transfer requests.

The dark side of DEMMON: what is behind the scene in engineering large-scale wireless sensor networks

Most research work on WSNs has focused on protocols or on specific applications. There is a clear lack of easy/ready-to-use WSN technologies and tools for planning, implementing, testing and commissioning WSN systems in an integrated fashion. While there exists a plethora of papers about network planning and deployment methodologies, to the best of our knowledge none of them helps the designer to match coverage requirements with network performance evaluation. In this paper we aim at filling this gap by presenting an unified toolset, i.e., a framework able to provide a global picture of the system, from the network deployment planning to system test and validation. This toolset has been designed to back up the EMMON WSN system architecture for large-scale, dense, real-time embedded monitoring. It includes network deployment planning, worst-case analysis and dimensioning, protocol simulation and automatic remote programming and hardware testing tools. This toolset has been paramount to validate the system architecture through DEMMON1, the first EMMON demonstrator, i.e., a 300+ node test-bed, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest single-site WSN test-bed in Europe to date.

Engineering a search and rescue application with a wireless sensor network - based localization mechanism

The advent of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies is paving the way for a panoply of new ubiquitous computing applications, some of them with critical requirements. In the ART-WiSe framework, we are designing a two-tiered communication architecture for supporting real-time and reliable communications in WSNs. Within this context, we have been developing a test-bed application, for testing, validating and demonstrating our theoretical findings - a search&rescue/pursuit-evasion application. Basically, a WSN deployment is used to detect, localize and track a target robot and a station controls a rescuer/pursuer robot until it gets close enough to the target robot. This paper describes how this application was engineered, particularly focusing on the implementation of the localization mechanism.

Engineering PROFIBUS networks with heterogeneous transmission media

A significant number of process control and factory automation systems use PROFIBUS as the underlying fieldbus communication network. The process of properly setting up a PROFIBUS network is not a straightforward task. In fact, a number of network parameters must be set for guaranteeing the required levels of timeliness and dependability. Engineering PROFIBUS networks is even more subtle when the network includes various physical segments exhibiting heterogeneous specifications, such as bus speed or frame formats, just to mention a few. In this paper we provide underlying theory and a methodology to guarantee the proper operation of such type of heterogeneous PROFIBUS networks. We additionally show how the methodology can be applied to the practical case of PROFIBUS networks containing simultaneously DP (Decentralised Periphery) and PA (Process Automation) segments, two of the most used commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) PROFIBUS solutions. The importance of the findings is however not limited to this case. The proposed methodology can be generalised to cover other heterogeneous infrastructures. Hybrid wired/wireless solutions are just an example for which an enormous eagerness exists.

Fractional order calculus: basic concepts and engineering applications

The fractional order calculus (FOC) is as old as the integer one although up to recently its application was exclusively in mathematics. Many real systems are better described with FOC differential equations as it is a well-suited tool to analyze problems of fractal dimension, with long-term “memory” and chaotic behavior. Those characteristics have attracted the engineers' interest in the latter years, and now it is a tool used in almost every area of science. This paper introduces the fundamentals of the FOC and some applications in systems' identification, control, mechatronics, and robotics, where it is a promissory research field.

Application of fractional calculus in engineering

Fractional Calculus (FC) goes back to the beginning of the theory of differential calculus. Nevertheless, the application of FC just emerged in the last two decades. It has been recognized the advantageous use of this mathematical tool in the modelling and control of many dynamical systems. Having these ideas in mind, this paper discusses a FC perspective in the study of the dynamics and control of several systems. The paper investigates the use of FC in the fields of controller tuning, legged robots, electrical systems and digital circuit synthesis.

Application of computational intelligence to engineering

Computational Intelligence (CI) includes four main areas: Evolutionary Computation (genetic algorithms and genetic programming), Swarm Intelligence, Fuzzy Systems and Neural Networks. This article shows how CI techniques overpass the strict limits of Artificial Intelligence field and can help solving real problems from distinct engineering areas: Mechanical, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering.

Remote lab experiments: opening possibilities for distance learning in engineering fields

Remote experimentation laboratories are systems based on real equipment, allowing students to perform practical work through a computer connected to the internet. In engineering fields lab activities play a fundamental role. Distance learning has not demonstrated good results in engineering fields because traditional lab activities cannot be covered by this paradigm. These activities can be set for one or for a group of students who work from different locations. All these configurations lead to considering a flexible model that covers all possibilities (for an individual or a group). An inter-continental network of remote laboratories supported by both European and Latin American institutions of higher education has been formed. In this network context, a learning collaborative model for students working from different locations has been defined. The first considerations are presented.

A remote engineering solution for automating a roller hearth kiln

Remote engineering (also known as online engineering) may be defined as a combination of control engineering and telematics. In this area, specific activities require computacional skills in order to develop projects where electrical devives are monitored and / or controlled, in an intercative way, through a distributed network (e.g. Intranet or Internet). In our specific case, we will be dealing with an industrial plant. Within the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of activities related to remote engineering, which may be connected to the phenomenon of the large extension experienced by the Internet (e.g. bandwith, number of users, development tools, etc.). This increase opens new and future possibilities to the implementation of advance teleworking (or e-working) positions. In this paper we present the architecture for a remote application, accessible through the Internet, able to monitor and control a roller hearth kiln, used in a ceramics industry for firing materials. The proposed architecture is based on a micro web server, whose main function is to monitor and control the firing process, by reading the data from a series of temperature sensors and by controlling a series of electronic valves and servo motors. This solution is also intended to be a low-cost alternative to other potential solutions. The temperature readings are obtained through K-type thermopairs and the gas flow is controlled through electrovalves. As the firing process should not be stopped before its complete end, the system is equipped with a safety device for that specific purpose. For better understanding the system to be automated and its operation we decided to develop a scale model (100:1) and experiment on it the devised solution, based on a Micro Web Server.

IX International conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual instrumentation REV 2012

THE ninth edition of the International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV) [1] was held at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Deusto, Bilbao (Spain), from the 4th to the 6th of July, 2012. A world-class research community in the subject of remote and virtual laboratories joined the event.