Avaliação da eco-eficiência de uma empresa de serviços: caso prático

Mestrado em Engenharia Química

A case study on the eco-efficiency performance of a composite processing industry: evaluation and quantification of potential improvements

In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency performance of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WCSD) and the directives of ISO 14301 standard were followed and applied. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, at both upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: i) Adoption of a new heating system for pultrusion die-tool in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; ii) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Assessing the eco-efficiency of a composite processing industry: evaluation and quantification of potential improvements’

In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency performance of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WCSD) and the directives of ISO 14301 standard were followed and applied. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent ecoefficiency’s ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, both in upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: a) Adoption of new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; c) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Eco-efficiency approaches towards a sustainable composite materials manufacturing industry’

In this study the potential eco-efficiency performance of a pultrusion manufacturing company was assessed. Indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures in the production process of glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) pultrusion profiles. Two different approaches were foreseen: 1)Adoption of a new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; and 2) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

A case study on the improvement of eco-efficiency ratios: application to a composite processing industry

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines Eco-Efficiency as follows: ‘Eco- Efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced-goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earth’s estimated carrying capacity’. Eco-Efficiency is under this point of view a key concept for sustainable development, bringing together economic and ecological progress. Measuring the Eco-Efficiency of a company, factory or business, is a complex process that involves the measurement and control of several and relevant parameters or indicators, globally applied to all companies in general, or specific according to the nature and specificities of the business itself. In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of WBCSD [1] and the directives of ISO 14301 standard [2] were followed and applied. The analysis was restricted to the main business branch of the company: the production and sale of standard GFRP pultrusion profiles. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined according to ISO 14031 recommendations. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency’s ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and ecoefficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, both in upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: a) Adoption of new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; b) Implementation of new software for stock management (raw materials and final products) that minimize production failures and delivery delays to final consumer; c) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. In particular, the last approach seems to significantly improve the eco-efficient performance of the company. Currently, by-products and wastes generated in the manufacturing process of GFRP profiles are landfilled, with supplementary added costs to this company traduced by transport of scrap, landfill taxes and required test analysis to waste materials. However, mechanical recycling of GFRP waste materials, with reduction to powdered and fibrous particulates, constitutes a recycling process that can be easily attained on heavy-duty cutting mills. The posterior reuse of obtained recyclates, either into a close-looping process, as filler replacement of resin matrix of GFRP profiles, or as reinforcement of other composite materials produced by the company, will drive to both costs reduction in raw materials and landfill process, and minimization of waste landfill. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Acqusition and data analysis of the eco-efficiency for the establishment of indicators parameters for industrial environmental sustainability

The industrial activity is inevitably associated with a certain degradation of the environmental quality, because is not possible to guarantee that a manufacturing process can be totally innocuous. The eco-efficiency concept is globally accepted as a philosophy of entreprise management, that encourages the companies to become more competitive, innovative and environmentally responsible by promoting the link between its companies objectives for excellence and its objectives of environmental excellence issues. This link imposes the creation of an organizational methodology where the performance of the company is concordant with the sustainable development. The main propose of this project is to apply the concept of eco-efficiency to the particular case of the metallurgical and metal workshop industries through the development of the particular indicators needed and to produce a manual of procedures for implementation of the accurate solution.

Nanoparticles based Permeable Reactive Barriers as an Eco-efficient Technology for nitrate remediation in soil and groundwater

The need to increase agricultural yield led, among others, to an increase in the consumption of nitrogen based fertilizers. As a consequence, there are excessive concentrations of nitrates, the most abundant of the reactive nitrogen (Nr) species, in several areas of the world. The demographic changes and projected population growth for the next decades, and the economic shifts which are already shaping the near future are powerful drivers for a further intensification in the use of fertilizers, with a predicted increase of the nitrogen loads in soils. Nitrate easily diffuses in the subsurface environments, portraying high mobility in soils. Moreover, the presence of high nitrate loads in water has the potential to cause an array of health dysfunctions, such as methemoglobinemia and several cancers. Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) placed strategically relatively to the nitrate source constitute an effective technology to tackle nitrate pollution. Ergo, PRB avoid various adverse impacts resulting from the displacement of reactive nitrogen downstream along water bodies. A four stages literature review was carried out in 34 databases. Initially, a set of pertinent key words were identified to perform the initial databases searches. Then, the synonyms of those initial key words were used to carry out a second set of databases searches. The third stage comprised the identification of other additional relevant terms from the research papers identified in the previous two stages. Again, databases searches were performed with this third set of key words. The final step consisted of the identification of relevant papers from the bibliography of the relevant papers identified in the previous three stages of the literature review process. The set of papers identified as relevant for in-depth analysis were assessed considering a set of relevant characterization variables.

Associação entre o nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso dos membros inferiores

Objectivo: Verificar a associação entre o nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso dos membros inferiores e a existência de um nível profilático. Métodos: A 49 estudantes, aplicouse o Questionário Internacional Actividade Física, avaliou-se o refluxo venoso pelo ecodoppler e a resistência do tricípite sural por um teste de fadiga local. Resultados: O nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso dos membros inferiores estão associados (p=0,013). Estudantes com menores índices físicos apresentaram piores resultados. Conclusão: O nível de actividade física e o refluxo venoso estão associados. Não foi possível inferir acerca do nível de actividade física mais adequado.

Sustentabilidade em escolas - um caso de estudo

Devido à actual conjuntura sócio económica e às crescentes preocupações ambientais e sociais houve a necessidade de construir e desenvolver indicadores de sustentabilidade que registassem e avaliassem o desempenho, ano após ano, da comunidade escolar, de modo a melhorá-lo, pois as escolas devem ser elas próprias, modelos de sustentabilidade. Os indicadores formulados e desenvolvidos são ferramentas de gestão pois facultam a identificação de prioridades, o estabelecimento de metas e a tomada de decisões além de possibilitarem a elaboração de um historial que pode ajudar a melhorar o desempenho económico, ambiental e social das escolas, de acordo com os três pilares do desenvolvimento sustentável. Foram aplicados, ao caso de estudo, os indicadores considerados mais relevantes, tendo em conta a globalidade da sua aplicação, a sua clareza, mensurabilidade, compreensibilidade e reprodutibilidade. Obtiveram-se 185 indicadores de eficiência distribuídos pelas áreas ambiental (46), social (85), económica (18) e ensino / aprendizagem (36) e 63 indicadores descritivos distribuídos pelas áreas social (39), económica (9) e ensino / aprendizagem (15). Através de um inquérito realizado para avaliar as expectativas globais da comunidade escolar e dos dados disponibilizados pelo gabinete de qualidade e pela administração da escola, que serviu de caso de estudo, conseguiram-se calcular 71% dos indicadores de eficiência e 70% dos indicadores descritivos propostos.

Characterizations of power indices based on null player free winning coalitions

In this paper, we characterize two power indices introduced in [1] using two different modifications of the monotonicity property first stated by [2]. The sets of properties are easily comparable among them and with previous characterizations of other power indices.

Cleanup of industrial effluents containing heavy metals: a new opportunity of valorising the biomass produced by brewing industry

Heavy metal pollution is a matter of concern in industrialised countries. Contrary to organic pollutants, heavy metals are not metabolically degraded. This fact has two main consequences: its bioremediation requires another strategy and heavy metals can be indefinitely recycled. Yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are produced at high amounts as a by-product of brewing industry constituting a cheap raw material. In the present work, the possibility of valorising this type of biomass in the bioremediation of real industrial effluents containing heavy metals is reviewed. Given the autoaggregation capacity (flocculation) of brewing yeast cells, a fast and off-cost yeast separation is achieved after the treatment of metal-laden effluent, which reduces the costs associated with the process. This is a critical issue when we are looking for an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost technology. The possibility of the bioremediation of industrial effluents linked with the selective recovery of metals, in a strategy of simultaneous minimisation of environmental hazard of industrial wastes with financial benefits from reselling or recycling the metals, is discussed.

Accionamentos eficientes de força‐motriz. Nova classificação

Os motores eléctricos, particularmente o motor assíncrono de indução, são o tipo de máquina mais utilizada na indústria em virtude da sua grande versatilidade, gama de potências, robustez, duração, reduzida manutenção, baixa poluição, facilidade de produção e custos de aquisição relativamente baixos. Como qualquer máquina, o motor eléctrico, responsável pela conversão de energia eléctrica em mecânica, apresenta perdas. O rendimento (ou eficiência) é definido como sendo a razão entre a potência de saída (ao nível do veio de saída do accionamento) e a potência eléctrica absorvida à entrada. A produção de energia mecânica, através da utilização de motores eléctricos, absorve cerca de 60% da energia eléctrica consumida no sector industrial do nosso País, da qual apenas metade é energia útil. Este sector é, pois, um daqueles em que é preciso tentar fazer economias, prioritariamente. Os sistemas de accionamentos têm que ser abordados como um todo, já que a existência de um componente de baixo rendimento influencia drasticamente o rendimento global. O êxito neste domínio depende, em primeiro lugar, da melhor adequação da potência do motor à da máquina que ele acciona. Quando o regime de funcionamento é muito variável para permitir este ajustamento, pode‐se equipar o motor com um conversor electrónico de variação de velocidade. Outra possibilidade é a utilização dos motores “ de perdas reduzidas”, de “alto rendimento”, ou “elevada eficiência”, que permitem economias energéticas consideráveis. Nos últimos anos, muitos fabricantes de motores investiram fortemente na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos produtos com o objectivo de colocarem no mercado motores mais eficientes. O acordo voluntário obtido em 1999 entre a CEMEP (Associação Europeia de Fabricantes de Motores Eléctricos) e a Comissão Europeia sobre o rendimento de motores de 2 e 4 pólos, na gama de potências 1,1 a 90 kW, foi revisto em 2004. Os motores foram classificados de acordo com o seu rendimento: ‐ EFF1 – Motores de alto rendimento; ‐ EFF2 – Motores de rendimento aumentado; ‐ EFF3 – Motores sem qualquer requisito especial. No seguimento da directiva "Eco‐design Directive (2005/32/CE) “ publicada em 2005 para Produtos que consomem energia (EUP), a Comissão Europeia aprovou em Julho de 2009 um regulamento de aplicação dos requisitos de concepção ecológica para os motores eléctricos, com efeitos a partir de meados de 2011, dando aos fabricantes de cerca de 2 anos para garantir que seus produtos cumprem a referida directiva. O lote 11 da Directiva EUP (Energy Using Products) descreve as orientações de design, a compatibilidade ambiental, o impacte ambiental e o consumo de energia de máquinas / motores eléctricos rotativos de alto rendimento. A directiva abrange os motores de 2, 4 e 6 pólos, na gama de potências de 0,75 a 375 kW. Neste âmbito, os motores passam a ser classificados por: ‐ IE1 (igual a EFF2) – com utilização proibida; ‐ IE2 (igual a EFF1) – com utilização obrigatória; ‐ IE3 (igual a Premium) – com utilização voluntária; ‐ IE4 (ainda não aplicável a accionamentos assíncronos).

Autodiagnóstico de práticas organizacionais

Seguindo os princípios do mainstreaming1, o Autodiagnóstico de Práticas Organizacionais em matéria de igualdade de género, centra-se num conjunto de dimensões e indicadores basilares para identificar as práticas de gestão que contribuem para a igualdade de género e para identificar e analisar os aspetos onde se registam desigualdades e desequilíbrios entre homens e mulheres. Este autodiagnóstico permite definir políticas de atuação futura que contrariem as desigualdades existentes, que estimulem o tratamento de colaboradores e colaboradoras em moldes não discriminatórios e que contribuam proactivamente para a efetiva igualdade entre mulheres e homens no local de trabalho, com eco na vida familiar e vida pessoal dos sujeitos.