Controlo da qualidade em radioterapia externa

Sendo a radioterapia (RT) uma modalidade terapêutica cada vez mais complexa e precisa em oncologia, torna-se pertinente refletir sobre alguns conceitos e procedimentos acerca da qualidade e do controlo da qualidade a ela associados, uma vez que se encontram profundamente aplicados nos centros de radioterapia já existentes. Estes conceitos e procedimentos estão bem sustentados em muitas experiências clinicas e em estudos acessíveis numa vasta série de artigos científicos publicados em revistas e outras fontes credíveis e científicas. A metodologia utilizada para a elaboração deste trabalho passa pela pesquisa e revisão de material bibliográfico existente não só em livros de referência como também em artigos de revistas da área da física médica, radioterapia e oncologia. A estrutura do trabalho passa pela descrição do “estado-da-arte” atual, sendo que, e nesta perspetiva, se tenha recorrido ao percurso evolutivo dos conceitos e procedimentos tidos ao longo do desenvolvimento das tecnologias e técnicas em radioterapia. O que se observa neste trabalho é que “Qualidade em Radioterapia” envolve uma complexa estrutura não só de recursos físicos como também humanos, onde uma pequena falha de comunicação no elo de ligação entre os diversos membros da equipa compromete afinal aquilo que é o seu objetivo major: tratar com qualidade e dignidade o doente oncológico.

Diversity and characterisation of coagulasenegative staphylococci isolated from healthy individuals in Portugal

In the past few years the interest in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) has significantly increased in human medicine. CoNS are common commensal colonisers of the human skin, although now also recognised as major nosocomial pathogens. Over the last decades, several studies have been carried out in order to understand the pathogenicity mechanisms of CoNS. The well known determinants in the pathogenesis of CoNS infections are their ability to form biofilms and an exceptional resistance to several antibiotics. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies regarding the commensal lifestyle of these microorganisms. Additionally, it is now hypothesised that commensal bacteria might be a reservoir of pathogenic determinants. Therefore, the work described throughout this thesis was aimed to perform a phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of different CoNS species isolated from healthy Portuguese individuals. A total of 61 CoNS isolates, comprising 7 different species, were obtained and characterised at the level of biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibility profiles. According to the results, biofilm formation ability and presence of biofilm-associated genes were commonly found features, highlighting their pivotal role in the colonising lifestyle of CoNS. This study also addressed the correlation between phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of biofilm formation, corroborating and raising questions about the importance of some genes in this process. Moreover, it was observed a great proportion of isolates with decreased susceptibility and multiple resistances to some important antibiotics. A significant association between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation was also demonstrated, and some hypotheses about the nature of such association were provided. Lastly, the expression patterns of two biofilm-associated genes at two distinct biofilm developmental stages were determined, confirming their importance in the accumulative stage of biofilm formation. Overall, the results presented in this thesis indicate that staphylococcal skin flora might be an important reservoir of potentially pathogenic bacteria and, simultaneously, bring to light new perceptions about the molecular basis of staphylococcal biofilm formation, and the nature of the association between antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation.

Radioactivity studies in Porto urban area: gamma radiation of Paranhos sector

A set of radiation measurements were carried out in several public and private institutions. These were selected with basis on the people affluence and passage to these sites. These measurements were registration formed either indoor, outdoor or underground and were compiled in three Case Studies. Radiation doses measurements were also made, surface and underground locations, and compiled in other two Case Studies. There were sampled, at the same time, humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure and relevant construction materials at sampling locations. They were collected and registration formed to analyse if there is any relation or contribution for the measured value in each specific place. Geostatistical models were used to elaborate maps of the results both for radiation values and for doses. Preliminary relations were established among the measured parameters.