Métodos construtivos de edifícios – comparação entre pré-fabricação e construção tradicional em betão armado

Em Portugal, a temática da Construção Pré-fabricada, enquanto método construtivo, ainda não se encontra desenvolvida de forma muito aprofundada. Na sua grande maioria, os trabalhos e estudos efetuados centram-se em aspetos de projeto e dimensionamento de determinados componentes préfabricados. Elementos estruturais pré-fabricados são já frequentemente utilizados, por exemplo, em vias de comunicação, pontes, viadutos, passagens inferiores e superiores. No entanto, no âmbito dos edifícios, esta tecnologia ainda não está totalmente explorada, exceção feita a naves industriais. A definição de construção pré-fabricada ainda não é consensual e as dúvidas subsistem, tanto por parte da população em geral, como dos próprios intervenientes no setor da construção. Dadas as suas potencialidades, pretende-se estudar a construção pré-fabricada, no setor dos edifícios, enquanto metodologia construtiva e compará-la com a metodologia de construção tradicional. Numa primeira fase, o trabalho irá consistir em explorar um conjunto de conceitos, métodos, tecnologias e materiais utilizados em alguns países com maior grau de aplicação destas técnicas. Posteriormente, será feita uma comparação entre construção pré-fabricada e construção tradicional, no que diz respeito a planeamento, prazos, custos, sustentabilidade, segurança ou qualidade, com base em estudos comparativos já realizados a nível internacional. Atendendo à informação recolhida, será realizado um trabalho onde são referidos processos, que poderão ajudar a compreender melhor o que é a construção pré-fabricada enquanto método construtivo inovador – quais as suas vantagens, implicações e condicionantes – e avaliar a sua viabilidade enquanto solução construtiva.

Cleanup of industrial effluents containing heavy metals: a new opportunity of valorising the biomass produced by brewing industry

Heavy metal pollution is a matter of concern in industrialised countries. Contrary to organic pollutants, heavy metals are not metabolically degraded. This fact has two main consequences: its bioremediation requires another strategy and heavy metals can be indefinitely recycled. Yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are produced at high amounts as a by-product of brewing industry constituting a cheap raw material. In the present work, the possibility of valorising this type of biomass in the bioremediation of real industrial effluents containing heavy metals is reviewed. Given the autoaggregation capacity (flocculation) of brewing yeast cells, a fast and off-cost yeast separation is achieved after the treatment of metal-laden effluent, which reduces the costs associated with the process. This is a critical issue when we are looking for an effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost technology. The possibility of the bioremediation of industrial effluents linked with the selective recovery of metals, in a strategy of simultaneous minimisation of environmental hazard of industrial wastes with financial benefits from reselling or recycling the metals, is discussed.

A case study on the eco-efficiency performance of a composite processing industry: evaluation and quantification of potential improvements

In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency performance of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WCSD) and the directives of ISO 14301 standard were followed and applied. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, at both upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: i) Adoption of a new heating system for pultrusion die-tool in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; ii) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Assessing the eco-efficiency of a composite processing industry: evaluation and quantification of potential improvements’

In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency performance of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WCSD) and the directives of ISO 14301 standard were followed and applied. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent ecoefficiency’s ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, both in upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: a) Adoption of new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; c) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Eco-efficiency approaches towards a sustainable composite materials manufacturing industry’

In this study the potential eco-efficiency performance of a pultrusion manufacturing company was assessed. Indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures in the production process of glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) pultrusion profiles. Two different approaches were foreseen: 1)Adoption of a new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; and 2) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

A case study on the improvement of eco-efficiency ratios: application to a composite processing industry

The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines Eco-Efficiency as follows: ‘Eco- Efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced-goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earth’s estimated carrying capacity’. Eco-Efficiency is under this point of view a key concept for sustainable development, bringing together economic and ecological progress. Measuring the Eco-Efficiency of a company, factory or business, is a complex process that involves the measurement and control of several and relevant parameters or indicators, globally applied to all companies in general, or specific according to the nature and specificities of the business itself. In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of WBCSD [1] and the directives of ISO 14301 standard [2] were followed and applied. The analysis was restricted to the main business branch of the company: the production and sale of standard GFRP pultrusion profiles. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined according to ISO 14031 recommendations. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency’s ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and ecoefficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, both in upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: a) Adoption of new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; b) Implementation of new software for stock management (raw materials and final products) that minimize production failures and delivery delays to final consumer; c) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. In particular, the last approach seems to significantly improve the eco-efficient performance of the company. Currently, by-products and wastes generated in the manufacturing process of GFRP profiles are landfilled, with supplementary added costs to this company traduced by transport of scrap, landfill taxes and required test analysis to waste materials. However, mechanical recycling of GFRP waste materials, with reduction to powdered and fibrous particulates, constitutes a recycling process that can be easily attained on heavy-duty cutting mills. The posterior reuse of obtained recyclates, either into a close-looping process, as filler replacement of resin matrix of GFRP profiles, or as reinforcement of other composite materials produced by the company, will drive to both costs reduction in raw materials and landfill process, and minimization of waste landfill. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

A case study undertaken recycling & reuse of glass fiber reinforced thermoset polumer wastes of composite materials industry

Glass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP) have been considered inherently difficult to recycle due to both: crosslinked nature of thermoset resins, which cannot be remoulded, and complex composition of the composite itself. Presently, most of the GFRP waste is landfilled leading to negative environmental impacts and supplementary added costs. With an increasing awareness of environmental matters and the subsequent desire to save resources, recycling would convert an expensive waste disposal into a profitable reusable material. In this study, efforts were made in order to recycle grinded GFRP waste, proceeding from pultrusion production scrap, into new and sustainable composite materials. For this purpose, GFRP waste recyclates, were incorporated into polyester based mortars as fine aggregate and filler replacements at different load contents and particle size distributions. Potential recycling solution was assessed by mechanical behaviour of resultant GFRP waste modified polymer mortars. Results revealed that GFRP waste filled polymer mortars present improved flexural and compressive behaviour over unmodified polyester based mortars, thus indicating the feasibility of the GFRP industrial waste reuse into concrete-polymer composite materials.

Exigências funcionais em pavimentos de madeira

Durante séculos a madeira foi dos materiais mais privilegiados e usados na construção. Ainda hoje, existem construções antigas em madeira em bom estado de conservação e que, desempenham as suas funções adequadamente. Com o aparecimento do betão e do aço, os projetistas deixaram de usar este tipo de estruturas. Isto provocou um desinteresse na indústria da madeira, adiando a criação de regulamentos e normas relativamente às exigências funcionais deste tipo de estruturas. Com a necessidade da reabilitação do património edificado, verifica-se uma inversão desta tendência, devido às edificações no centro histórico serem constituídas por estruturas de madeira, essencialmente os pavimentos e coberturas. Na maioria das vezes estas estruturas apresentam um elevado nível de degradação e a solução mais rentável é demolir. Os pavimentos de madeira são então substituídos por lajes aligeiradas ou de betão armado provocando alterações estruturais inadequadas nas fachadas a manter. Pretende-se com esta dissertação mostrar as potencialidades dos pavimentos de madeira e assim incentivar ao seu uso, principalmente nas áreas a reabilitar. São analisados todos os regulamentos e normas aplicáveis às exigências estruturais, térmicas, acústicas e contra incêndio dos pavimentos de madeira. A análise da normalização aplicável vai ser sintetizada, ou seja, só vão ser referidos os aspetos a ter em conta para a verificação das exigências funcionais em pavimentos de madeira. A aplicação dos conceitos e das verificações necessárias são aplicadas a um pavimento de madeira a ser construído na parcela C4 do Quarteirão das Cardosas. Os resultados obtidos neste caso de estudo são encorajadores, e abrem uma perspetiva das potencialidades que este sistema construtivo apresenta.