Should the U.S. adapt to the world? The first debate on american exceptionalism and its impact on the founding of the United States

This paper aims at putting into perspective the recent, post 9/11 debate on the United States‘ alleged exceptionalism and its impact on the definition of American foreign policy. It reminds the readers that the United States was born as a result of a similar debate, at a time when a crucial choice for its future was to be made. Indeed, the Founding Fathers discarded the revolutionary idea that America was altogether different from other (European) nations and, as such, could succeed in saving republicanism and concentrate on domestic affairs. As Gordon Wood and Harvey Mansfield have shown, the 1787 version of republicanism stood as a departure from its earlier version, and such a change was necessary to the creation of a full-fledged federation, therefore paving the way to the current powerful Federal Republic. The early failure of the exceptionalist creed did not cause its disappearance, as the contemporary form of exceptionalism demonstrates, but created conditions that made an enduring and powerful influence very difficult.

A mobile robot platform for open learning based on serious games and remote laboratories

Within the pedagogical community, Serious Games have arisen as a viable alternative to traditional course-based learning materials. Until now, they have been based strictly on software solutions. Meanwhile, research into Remote Laboratories has shown that they are a viable, low-cost solution for experimentation in an engineering context, providing uninterrupted access, low-maintenance requirements, and a heightened sense of reality when compared to simulations. This paper will propose a solution where both approaches are combined to deliver a Remote Laboratory-based Serious Game for use in engineering and school education. The platform for this system is the WebLab-Deusto Framework, already well-tested within the remote laboratory context, and based on open standards. The laboratory allows users to control a mobile robot in a labyrinth environment and take part in an interactive game where they must locate and correctly answer several questions, the subject of which can be adapted to educators' needs. It also integrates the Google Blockly graphical programming language, allowing students to learn basic programming and logic principles without needing to understand complex syntax.

Using remote labs to serve different teacher's needs a case study with VISIR and RemotElectLab

Remote Laboratories are an emergent technological and pedagogical tool at all education levels, and their widespread use is an important part of their own improvement and evolution. This paper describes several issues encountered on laboratorial classes, on higher education courses, when using remote laboratories based on PXI systems, either using the VISIR system or an alternate in-house solution. Three main issues are presented and explained, all reported by teachers that gave support to students use of remote laboratories. The first issue deals with the need to allow students to select the actual place where an ammeter is to be inserted on electric circuits, even incorrectly, therefore emulating real world difficulties. The second one deals with problems with timing when several measurements are required at short intervals, as in the discharge cycle of a capacitor. And the last issue deals with the use of a multimeter in DC mode when reading AC values, a use that collides with the lab settings. All scenarios are presented and discussed including the solution found for each case. The conclusion derived from the described work is that the remote laboratories area is an expanding field, where practical use leads to improvement and evolution of the available solutions, requiring a strict cooperation and information sharing between all actors, i.e. developers, teachers and students.

VISIR deployment in undergraduate engineering practices

Practical sessions are the backbone of qualification in engineering education. It leads to a better understanding and allows mastering scientific concepts and theories. The lack of the availability of practical sessions at many universities and institutions owing to the cost and the unavailability of instructors the most of the time caused a significant decline in experimentation in engineering education over the last decades. Recently, with the progress of computer-based learning, remote laboratories have been proven to be the best alternative to the traditional ones, regarding to its low cost and ubiquity. Some universities have already started to deploy remote labs in their practical sessions. This contribution compiles diverse experiences based on the deployment of the remote laboratory, Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality (VISIR), on the practices of undergraduate engineering grades at various universities within the VISIR community. It aims to show the impact of its usage on engineering education concerning the assessments of students and teachers as well.

Addressing software impact in the design of remote laboratories

Remote Laboratories or WebLabs constitute a first-order didactic resource in engineering faculties. However, in many cases, they lack a proper software design, both in the client and server side, which degrades their quality and academic usefulness. This paper presents the main characteristics of a Remote Laboratory, analyzes the software technologies to implement the client and server sides in a WebLab, and correlates these technologies with the characteristics to facilitate the selection of a technology to implement a WebLab. The results obtained suggest the adoption of a Service Oriented Laboratory Architecture-based approach for the design of future Remote Laboratories so that client-agnostic Remote Laboratories and Remote Laboratory composition are enabled. The experience with the real Remote Laboratory, WebLab-Deusto, is also presented.

Integração Energética da Unidade de Pré-destilação U-0100 da Fábrica de Aromáticos

A presente dissertação foi realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Química no ramo de Otimização Energética na Indústria Química, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. O estudo energético foi desenvolvido na empresa Petrogal, S.A, na Refinaria de Matosinhos, avaliando a possível racionalização energética do processo existente na Fábrica de Aromáticos. Os objetivos propostos basearam-se na realização de uma integração energética à unidade de pré-destilação, denominada por U-0100, que se encontra instalada na Fábrica de Aromáticos. Pretende-se, de uma forma geral, o reaproveitamento máximo da energia do processo, diminuindo o recurso a utilidades externas. Para tal recorreu-se à metodologia da análise do ponto de estrangulamento, designada por tecnologia Pinch. Numa primeira fase da otimização foi necessário conhecer todo o processo em causa e os conceitos associados à tecnologia aplicada. Após contactar com o processo procedeu-se ao levantamento energético do mesmo, referente ao ano 2013. Nesta etapa foram recolhidos todos os dados considerados relevantes para a quantificação energética das correntes e das utilidades empregues. Depois da recolha efetuou-se a integração energética estabelecendo um ∆Tmin ótimo para o processo de 5°C, após uma prévia análise da influência deste parâmetro sobre os consumos. Constatou-se que atualmente o processo de separação opera com uma taxa de recuperação energética de 16,8% da energia total, sendo a restante energia introduzida por utilidades externas. Com a análise do ponto de estrangulamento concluiu-se que a unidade de pré - destilação U-0100 se encontra integrada energeticamente, não sendo essencial proceder a qualquer modificação à mesma. No entanto sugere-se como trabalho futuro um estudo técnico e económico da implementação de um pré-aquecedor de ar, necessário ao processo de combustão que se dá na fornalha H-0101. Isto tendo em vista o reaproveitamento máximo da corrente, gases de combustão, que é desperdiçada para o meio ambiente.