Fractional dynamics and MDS visualization of earthquake phenomena

This paper analyses earthquake data in the perspective of dynamical systems and fractional calculus (FC). This new standpoint uses Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) as a powerful clustering and visualization tool. FC extends the concepts of integrals and derivatives to non-integer and complex orders. MDS is a technique that produces spatial or geometric representations of complex objects, such that those objects that are perceived to be similar in some sense are placed on the MDS maps forming clusters. In this study, over three million seismic occurrences, covering the period from January 1, 1904 up to March 14, 2012 are analysed. The events are characterized by their magnitude and spatiotemporal distributions and are divided into fifty groups, according to the Flinn–Engdahl (F–E) seismic regions of Earth. Several correlation indices are proposed to quantify the similarities among regions. MDS maps are proven as an intuitive and useful visual representation of the complex relationships that are present among seismic events, which may not be perceived on traditional geographic maps. Therefore, MDS constitutes a valid alternative to classic visualization tools for understanding the global behaviour of earthquakes.

Biocomplementation of SVE to achieve clean-up goals in soils contaminated with toluene and xylene

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) and bioremediation (BR) are two of the most common soil remediation technologies. Their application is widespread; however, both present limitations, namely related to the efficiencies of SVE on organic soils and to the remediation times of some BR processes. This work aimed to study the combination of these two technologies in order to verify the achievement of the legal clean-up goals in soil remediation projects involving seven different simulated soils separately contaminated with toluene and xylene. The remediations consisted of the application of SVE followed by biostimulation. The results show that the combination of these two technologies is effective and manages to achieve the clean-up goals imposed by the Spanish Legislation. Under the experimental conditions used in this work, SVE is sufficient for the remediation of soils, contaminated separately with toluene and xylene, with organic matter contents (OMC) below 4 %. In soils with higher OMC, the use of BR, as a complementary technology, and when the concentration of contaminant in the gas phase of the soil reaches values near 1 mg/L, allows the achievement of the clean-up goals. The OMC was a key parameter because it hindered SVE due to adsorption phenomena but enhanced the BR process because it acted as a microorganism and nutrient source.

Multidimensional scaling visualization of earthquake phenomena

Earthquakes are associated with negative events, such as large number of casualties, destruction of buildings and infrastructures, or emergence of tsunamis. In this paper, we apply the Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis to earthquake data. MDS is a set of techniques that produce spatial or geometric representations of complex objects, such that, objects perceived to be similar/distinct in some sense are placed nearby/distant on the MDS maps. The interpretation of the charts is based on the resulting clusters since MDS produces a different locus for each similarity measure. In this study, over three million seismic occurrences, covering the period from January 1, 1904 up to March 14, 2012 are analyzed. The events, characterized by their magnitude and spatiotemporal distributions, are divided into groups, either according to the Flinn–Engdahl seismic regions of Earth or using a rectangular grid based in latitude and longitude coordinates. Space-time and Space-frequency correlation indices are proposed to quantify the similarities among events. MDS has the advantage of avoiding sensitivity to the non-uniform spatial distribution of seismic data, resulting from poorly instrumented areas, and is well suited for accessing dynamics of complex systems. MDS maps are proven as an intuitive and useful visual representation of the complex relationships that are present among seismic events, which may not be perceived on traditional geographic maps. Therefore, MDS constitutes a valid alternative to classic visualization tools, for understanding the global behavior of earthquakes.

New Features to Look at Natural Phenomena

Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Fractional Systems and Signals, at Ghent, Belgium

Entropy analysis of DNA code dynamics in human chromosomes

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the most fundamental aspect of life but present day scientific knowledge has merely scratched the surface of the problem posed by its decoding. While experimental methods provide insightful clues, the adoption of analysis tools supported by the formalism of mathematics will lead to a systematic and solid build-up of knowledge. This paper studies human DNA from the perspective of system dynamics. By associating entropy and the Fourier transform, several global properties of the code are revealed. The fractional order characteristics emerge as a natural consequence of the information content. These properties constitute a small piece of scientific knowledge that will support further efforts towards the final aim of establishing a comprehensive theory of the phenomena involved in life.

PPO Reaction Scale-up

O óxido de polifenileno com a marca comercial PPO® é uma das resinas principais produzidas na SABIC IP e o ingrediente principal do plástico de engenharia com a marca registada, Noryl®. A equipa de tecnologia de processo de PPO® desenvolve uma série de novos produtos em reactores de pequena escala, tanto em Selkirk como em Bergen op Zoom. Para se efectuar uma transição rápida da escala laboratorial para a fábrica, é necessário um conhecimento completo do reactor. O objectivo deste projecto consiste em esboçar linhas gerais para o scale-up de novos produtos de PPO1, do laboratório para a escala industrial, baseado no estudo de um tipo de PPO, PPO 803. Este estudo pode ser dividido em duas fases. Numa primeira fase, as receitas e os perfis da reacção são comparados, de onde se retiram as primeiras conclusões. Posteriormente, com base nestas conclusões, é realizado um planeamento experimental. O estudo inicial sugeriu que a receita, a temperatura inicial do reactor e a velocidade do agitador poderiam influenciar o tempo da reacção bem como a queda da velocidade intrínseca do polímero (IV drop). As reacções experimentais mostraram que a receita é o principal factor que influencia, tanto o tempo de reacção, como a queda de viscosidade intrínseca. O tempo de reacção será tanto maior quanto menor a agitação devido à má dispersão do oxigénio na mistura. O uso de temperaturas iniciais elevadas conduz a uma queda maior da viscosidade intrínseca devido à desactivação do catalisador. O método experimental utilizado no laboratório de Bergen op Zoom é um bom exemplo, simulador, do procedimento utilizado na fábrica.

Análise técnica e económico-financeira de um sistema de abastecimento de veículos zero emissões integrando um sistema fotovoltaico

Com o aumento da população mundial registado nos últimos anos surgiu também uma maior procura energética. Esse aumento foi inicialmente colmatado recorrendo essencialmente a fontes de origem fóssil, pelo facto destas serem mais baratas. No entanto, essa tendência de preços baixos sofreu o primeiro abalo nos anos 70 do século passado, altura em que o preço do petróleo disparou, devido a questões políticas. Nessa altura ficou visível para os países ocidentais o quanto estes eram dependentes dos países produtores de petróleo que, em geral, são instáveis politicamente. Começou então a procura de fontes energéticas alternativas. Além da questão económica do aumento do preço dos combustíveis, existe também o problema ambiental. Os maiores responsáveis pela emissão de gases efeito estufa (GEE) são os combustíveis fósseis. Os GEE contribuem para o aquecimento global, o que origina fenómenos ambientais severos que poderão levar a mudanças climáticas significativas. As energias renováveis apresentam-se como a solução mais viável ao problema energético e ambiental que se verifica actualmente, porque permitem colmatar o aumento da procura energética de uma forma limpa e sustentável. Na sequência destes problemas surgiram nos últimos anos veículos que permitem reduzir ou mesmo eliminar o consumo de combustíveis fósseis, como os veículos híbridos eléctricos, eléctricos e a hidrogénio. Nesta dissertação analisa-se um sistema que foi pensado para ser implementado em áreas de serviço, que permite efectuar o carregamento de electric vehicles (EV) utilizando energia eléctrica de origem fotovoltaica e a produção de hidrogénio para os fuels cell electric vehicles (FCEV). É efectuada uma análise económica do sistema, uma análise ambiental e analisou-se também o impacto na redução da dependência do país em relação ao exterior, sendo ainda efectuada uma pequena análise ao sistema MOBIE. No caso dos veículos a hidrogénio, foi determinada qual seria a melhor opção em termos económicos, para a produção de hidrogénio considerando três regimes de produção: recorrendo apenas à energia eléctrica proveniente do sistema fotovoltaico, apenas à energia eléctrica da rede, ou uma combinação dos dois regimes. O sistema estudado nesta dissertação apresenta um enorme potencial a nível energético e ambiental, surgindo como alternativa para abastecer os veículos que irão permitir, no futuro, eliminar a dependência energética em relação às fontes fósseis e ao mesmo tempo diminuir a quantidade de gases efeito estufa emitidos para a atmosfera.

Soil remediation time to achieve clean-up goals I: influence of soil water content

The current models are not simple enough to allow a quick estimation of the remediation time. This work reports the development of an easy and relatively rapid procedure for the forecasting of the remediation time using vapour extraction. Sandy soils contaminated with cyclohexane and prepared with different water contents were studied. The remediation times estimated through the mathematical fitting of experimental results were compared with those of real soils. The main objectives were: (i) to predict, through a simple mathematical fitting, the remediation time of soils with water contents different from those used in the experiments; (ii) to analyse the influence of soil water content on the: (ii1) remediation time; (ii2) remediation efficiency; and (ii3) distribution of contaminants in the different phases present into the soil matrix after the remediation process. For sandy soils with negligible contents of clay and natural organic matter, artificially contaminated with cyclohexane before vapour extraction, it was concluded that (i) if the soil water content belonged to the range considered in the experiments with the prepared soils, then the remediation time of real soils of similar characteristics could be successfully predicted, with relative differences not higher than 10%, through a simple mathematical fitting of experimental results; (ii) increasing soil water content from 0% to 6% had the following consequences: (ii1) increased remediation time (1.8–4.9 h, respectively); (ii2) decreased remediation efficiency (99–97%, respectively); and (ii3) decreased the amount of contaminant adsorbed onto the soil and in the non-aqueous liquid phase, thus increasing the amount of contaminant in the aqueous and gaseous phases.

Soil remediation time to achieve clean-up goals II: influence of natural organic matter and water contents

This work reports a relatively rapid procedure for the forecasting of the remediation time (RT) of sandy soils contaminated with cyclohexane using vapour extraction. The RT estimated through the mathematical fitting of experimental results was compared with that of real soils. The main objectives were: (i) to predict the RT of soils with natural organic matter (NOM) and water contents different from those used in experiments; and (ii) to analyse the time and efficiency of remediation, and the distribution of contaminants into the soil matrix after the remediation process, according to the soil contents of: (ii1) NOM; and (ii2) water. For sandy soils with negligible clay contents, artificially contaminated with cyclohexane before vapour extraction, it was concluded that: (i) if the NOM and water contents belonged to the range of the prepared soils, the RT of real soils could be predicted with relative differences not higher than 12%; (ii1) the increase of NOM content from 0% to 7.5% increased the RT (1.8–13 h) and decreased the remediation efficiency (RE) (99–90%) and (ii2) the increase of soil water content from 0% to 6% increased the RT (1.8–4.9 h) and decreased the RE (99–97%). NOM increases the monolayer capacity leading to a higher sorption into the solid phase. Increasing of soil water content reduces the mass transfer coefficient between phases. Concluding, NOM and water contents influence negatively the remediation process, turning it less efficient and more time consuming, and consequently more expensive.

Analysis and visualization of seismic data using mutual information

Seismic data is difficult to analyze and classical mathematical tools reveal strong limitations in exposing hidden relationships between earthquakes. In this paper, we study earthquake phenomena in the perspective of complex systems. Global seismic data, covering the period from 1962 up to 2011 is analyzed. The events, characterized by their magnitude, geographic location and time of occurrence, are divided into groups, either according to the Flinn-Engdahl (F-E) seismic regions of Earth or using a rectangular grid based in latitude and longitude coordinates. Two methods of analysis are considered and compared in this study. In a first method, the distributions of magnitudes are approximated by Gutenberg-Richter (G-R) distributions and the parameters used to reveal the relationships among regions. In the second method, the mutual information is calculated and adopted as a measure of similarity between regions. In both cases, using clustering analysis, visualization maps are generated, providing an intuitive and useful representation of the complex relationships that are present among seismic data. Such relationships might not be perceived on classical geographic maps. Therefore, the generated charts are a valid alternative to other visualization tools, for understanding the global behavior of earthquakes.

Power law and entropy analysis of catastrophic phenomena

Catastrophic events, such as wars and terrorist attacks, tornadoes and hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and landslides, are always accompanied by a large number of casualties. The size distribution of these casualties has separately been shown to follow approximate power law (PL) distributions. In this paper, we analyze the statistical distributions of the number of victims of catastrophic phenomena, in particular, terrorism, and find double PL behavior. This means that the data sets are better approximated by two PLs instead of a single one. We plot the PL parameters, corresponding to several events, and observe an interesting pattern in the charts, where the lines that connect each pair of points defining the double PLs are almost parallel to each other. A complementary data analysis is performed by means of the computation of the entropy. The results reveal relationships hidden in the data that may trigger a future comprehensive explanation of this type of phenomena.

Dynamic analysis of earthquake phenomena by means of pseudo phase plane

This paper analyses earthquake data in the perspective of dynamical systems and its Pseudo Phase Plane representation. The seismic data is collected from the Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre. The geological events are characterised by their magnitude and geographical location and described by means of time series of sequences of Dirac impulses. Fifty groups of data series are considered, according to the Flinn-Engdahl seismic regions of Earth. For each region, Pearson’s correlation coefficient is used to find the optimal time delay for reconstructing the Pseudo Phase Plane. The Pseudo Phase Plane plots are then analysed and characterised.

Fractional order modelling of zero length column desorption response for adsorbents with variable particle sizes

This manuscript analyses the data generated by a Zero Length Column (ZLC) diffusion experimental set-up, for 1,3 Di-isopropyl benzene in a 100% alumina matrix with variable particle size. The time evolution of the phenomena resembles those of fractional order systems, namely those with a fast initial transient followed by long and slow tails. The experimental measurements are best fitted with the Harris model revealing a power law behavior.

A review of power laws in real life phenomena

Power law distributions, also known as heavy tail distributions, model distinct real life phenomena in the areas of biology, demography, computer science, economics, information theory, language, and astronomy, amongst others. In this paper, it is presented a review of the literature having in mind applications and possible explanations for the use of power laws in real phenomena. We also unravel some controversies around power laws.