Literatura espiritual altomoderna: a ars moriendi

O presente artigo consagra-se à redescoberta de alguns dos textos que, na Europa do passado, foram fazendo a pedagogia da morte cristã, propondo atitudes normativas, morais como orações, culpas e arrependimentos, asceses como espiritualidades, ensinando verdadeiramente a bem morrer. Conhecidos desde o período medieval, alguns desses textos mais frequentados haveriam de cristalizar-se numa ars moriendi em que se oferecia, desde o período quatrocentista, um texto muitas vezes procurado, compulsado e copiado, mas intimamente ligado a uma iconografia que parecia mesmo sobrepujar essas lições fixadas pela ―arte de morrer‖.

Estudo de caso. A implementação do projeto de internalização do RX do Centro de Diagnóstico Pneumológico do Porto

Portugal atravessa uma crise económico-financeira. A austeridade económica é prioritária, e a área de saúde não é exceção. Nesta conjuntura justifica-se de todo a realização de análises económicas na saúde. Este estudo é uma análise custo - mínimo ao Projeto de Internalização do RX do Centro Diagnóstico Pneumológico (CDP) do Porto com o objetivo de rentabilizar o equipamento radiológico instalado no CDP do Porto, pretende-se usar a capacidade máxima instalada e permitida pelo equipamento para produção de radiografias a utentes provenientes dos Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (ACES) do Porto. O Projeto de Internalização do RX do CDP do Porto é um projeto da Administração Regional de Saúde (ARS) do Norte, que pretende encaminhar os utentes dos ACES do Porto para realização de exames radiográficos no RX do CDP do Porto. Para proceder à análise económica foram identificados os custos e os benefícios relevantes do RX do CDP do Porto e elaboradas 3 estimativas: 1. Realização dos exames radiográficos do CDP do Porto a utentes do CDP do Porto e realização de exames radiográficos a utentes dos ACES do Porto nos gabinetes de radiologia convencionados pela ARSNorte; 2. Projeto de Internalização do RX do CDP do Porto com realização dos exames radiográficos até esgotar a capacidade máxima instalada do equipamento radiológico com recurso a utentes dos ACES do Porto; 3. Realização dos exames radiográficos nos ACES do Porto e dos exames do CDP do Porto nos gabinetes de radiologia convencionados. Os resultados da análise levaram à conclusão que a implementação do Projeto de Internalização do RX do Porto é rentável, ou seja, o projeto permitirá ganhos financeiros para a ARSNorte se for implementado na sua plenitude.

Ultrasensitive detection of ovarian cancer marker using immunoliposomes and gold nanoelectrodes

Mucin-16 (MUC16) is the established ovarian cancer marker used to follow the disease during or after treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer. The emerging science of cancer markers also demands for the new sensitive detection methods. In this work, we have developed an electrochemical immunosensor for antigen MUC16 using gold nanoelectrode ensemble (GNEE) and ferrocene carboxylic acid encapsulated liposomes tethered with monoclonal anti-Mucin-16 antibodies ( MUC16). GNEEs were fabricated by electroless deposition of the gold within the pores of polycarbonate track-etched membranes. Afterwards, MUC16 were immobilized on preformed self-assembled monolayer of cysteamine on the GNEE via cross-linking with EDC-Sulfo-NHS. A sandwich immunoassay was performed on MUC16 functionalized GNEE with MUC16 and immunoliposomes. The differential pulse voltammetry was employed to quantify the faradic redox response of ferrocene carboxylic acid released from immunoliposomes. The dose–response curve for MUC16 concentration was found between the range of 0.001–300 U mL−1. The lowest detection limit was found to be 5 × 10−4 U mL−1 (S/N = 3). We evaluated the performance of this developed immunosensor with commercial ELISA assay by comparing results obtained from spiked serum samples and real blood serum samples from volunteers.

Layer-by-layer immobilization of carbon dots fluorescent nanomaterials on single optical fiber

We report within this paper the development of a fiber-optic based sensor for Hg(II) ions. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles were synthesized by laser ablation and functionalized with PEG200 and N-acetyl-l-cysteine so they can be anionic in nature. This characteristic facilitated their deposition by the layer-by-layer assembly method into thin alternating films along with a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(ethyleneimine). Such films could be immobilized onto the tip of a glass optical fiber, allowing the construction of an optical fluorescence sensor. When immobilized on the fiber-optic tip, the resultant sensor was capable of selectively detecting sub-micromolar concentrations of Hg(II) with an increased sensitivity compared to carbon dot solutions. The fluorescence of the carbon dots was quenched by up to 44% by Hg(II) ions and interference from other metal ions was minimal.

Simultaneous distillation–extraction of high-value volatile compounds from Cistus ladanifer L.

The present paper describes a procedure to isolate volatiles from rock-rose (Cistus ladanifer L.) using simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE). High-value volatile compounds (HVVC) were selected and the influence of the extraction conditions investigated. The effect of the solvent nature and extraction time on SDE efficiency was studied. The best performance was achieved with pentane in 1 h operation. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 65% to 85% and the repeatability varied between 4% and 6% (as a CV%). The C. ladanifer SDE extracts were analysed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The HS-SPME sampling conditions such as fiber coating, temperature, ionic strength and exposure time were optimized. The best results were achieved with an 85 µm polyacrylate fiber for a 60 min headspace extraction at 40ºC with 20% (w/v) of NaCl. For optimized conditions the recovery was in average higher than 90% for all compounds and the intermediate precision ranged from 4 to 9% (as CV %). The volatiles α-pinene (22.2 mg g−1 of extract), 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone (6.1 mg g−1 of extract), borneol (3.0 mg g−1 of extract) and bornyl acetate (3.9 mg g−1 of extract) were identified in the SDE extracts obtained from the fresh plant material.

Determination of free furfuryl alcohol in foundry resins by chromatographic techniques

Two chromatographic methods, gas chromatography with flow ionization detection (GC–FID) and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC–UV), were used to determine furfuryl alcohol in several kinds of foundry resins, after application of an optimised extraction procedure. The GC method developed gave feasibility that did not depend on resin kind. Analysis by LC was suitable just for furanic resins. The presence of interference in the phenolic resins did not allow an appropriate quantification by LC. Both methods gave accurate and precise results. Recoveries were >94%; relative standard deviations were ≤7 and ≤0.3%, respectively for GC and LC methods. Good relative deviations between the two methods were found (≤3%).

Electrochemical oxidation of propanil and related N-substituted amides

The electrochemical behaviour of propanil and related N-substituted amides (acetanilide and N,N-diphenylacetamide) was studied by cyclic and square wave voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode. Propanil has been found to have chemical stability under the established analytical conditions and showed an oxidation peak at +1.27V versus Ag/AgCl at pH 7.5. N,N-diphenylacetamide has a higher oxidation potential than the other compounds of +1.49V versus Ag/AgCl. Acetanilide oxidation occurred at a potential similar to that of propanil, +1.24V versus Ag/AgCl. These results are in agreement with the substitution pattern of the nitrogen atom of the amide. A degradation product of propanil, 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), was also studied, and showed an oxidation peak at +0.66V versus Ag/AgCl. A simple and specific quantitative electroanalytical method is described for the analysis of propanil in commercial products that contain propanil as the active ingredient, used in the treatment of rice crops in Portugal.

Citrate selective electrodes for the flow injection analysis of soft drinks, beers and pharmaceutical products

Aiming the establishment of simple and accurate readings of citric acid (CA) in complex samples, citrate (CIT) selective electrodes with tubular configuration and polymeric membranes plus a quaternary ammonium ion exchanger were constructed. Several selective membranes were prepared for this purpose, having distinct mediator solvents (with quite different polarities) and, in some cases, p-tert-octylphenol (TOP) as additive. The latter was used regarding a possible increase in selectivity. The general working characteristics of all prepared electrodes were evaluated in a low dispersion flow injection analysis (FIA) manifold by injecting 500µl of citrate standard solutions into an ionic strength (IS) adjuster carrier (10−2 mol l−1) flowing at 3ml min−1. Good potentiometric response, with an average slope and a repeatability of 61.9mV per decade and ±0.8%, respectively, resulted from selective membranes comprising additive and bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (bEHS) as mediator solvent. The same membranes conducted as well to the best selectivity characteristics, assessed by the separated solutions method and for several chemical species, such as chloride, nitrate, ascorbate, glucose, fructose and sucrose. Pharmaceutical preparations, soft drinks and beers were analyzed under conditions that enabled simultaneous pH and ionic strength adjustment (pH = 3.2; ionic strength = 10−2 mol l−1), and the attained results agreed well with the used reference method (relative error < 4%). The above experimental conditions promoted a significant increase in sensitivity of the potentiometric response, with a supra-Nernstian slope of 80.2mV per decade, and allowed the analysis of about 90 samples per hour, with a relative standard deviation <1.0%.

Determination of free formaldehyde in foundry resins as its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone by liquid chromatography

Formaldehyde is a toxic component that is present in foundry resins. Its quantification is important to the characterisation of the resin (kind and degradation) as well as for the evaluation of free contaminants present in wastes generated by the foundry industry. The complexity of the matrices considered suggests the need for separative techniques. The method developed for the identification and quantification of formaldehyde in foundry resins is based on the determination of free carbonyl compounds by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), being adapted to the considered matrices using liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection. Formaldehyde determinations in several foundry resins gave precise results. Mean recovery and R.S.D. were, respectively, >95 and 5%. Analyses by the hydroxylamine reference method gave comparable results. Results showed that hydroxylamine reference method is applicable just for a specific kind of resin, while the developed method has good performance for all studied resins.

Política de humanização em serviços de saúde – contributos para a definição de indicadores

A reforma dos cuidados de saúde primários (CSP), iniciada em 2005, visa melhorar o desempenho dos centros de saúde através da reorganização dos serviços em várias unidades funcionais, no sentido de resolver os problemas tendo em conta as necessidades a satisfazer, complementando-se entre si e assumindo compromissos de acessibilidade e qualidade nos cuidados de saúde prestados. Ao mesmo tempo, são criados órgãos de gestão e governação clínica que nunca antes existiram nos CSP, envolvendo a participação da comunidade. A optimização da gestão e da governação clínica permitiu organizar os serviços de saúde em Agrupamentos de Centros de Saúde (AGES), dando-lhes poderes e responsabilidades para solucionarem problemas e tomarem as decisões acertadas e céleres, já que conhecem melhor as necessidades de saúde das populações. As relações burocráticas são substituídas por relações de contratualidade, orientadas para obter melhores resultados em saúde. Partindo destes pressupostos, o estudo realizado pretende analisar a percepção de profissionais de saúde quanto à política de humanização dos CSP, bem como, identificar/construir indicadores que avaliem essa política, sendo um estudo de carácter exploratório e descritivo, à luz de uma abordagem qualitativa. Participaram neste estudo cinco profissionais de saúde da Administração Regional de Saúde (ARS) do Norte, lP, do Departamento de Contratualização, Departamento de Estudos e Planeamento da ARS Norte e do AGES Tâmega 11 - Vale Sousa Sul, seleccionados por conveniência e inquiridos por entrevista semi-estruturada. Os dados foram tratados através da análise de conteúdo com o apoio informático NVivo9. Os resultados apresentados, com base nas entrevistas realizadas aos participantes no estudo, sustentam que os actuais indicadores quantitativos contratualizados com as unidades funcionais, expressam a política de humanização num serviço de saúde, não coincidindo totalmente com as definições internacionais expressas neste estudo.