Natural organic matter fractionation along the treatment of water for human consumption

The main objective of this study was to characterize the organic matter present in raw water and along the treatment process, as well as its seasonal variation. A natural organic matter fractionation approach has been applied to Lever water treatment plant located in Douro River, in Oporto (Portugal). The process used was based on the sorption of dissolved organic matter in different types of ion exchange resins, DAX-8, DAX-4 and IRA-958, allowing its separation into four fractions: very hydrophobic acids (VHA), slightly hydrophobic acids (SHA), charged hydrophilic (CHA) and hydrophilic neutral (NEU). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) determination was used to quantify dissolved organic matter. Samples were collected monthly, during approximately one year, from raw water captured at the surface and under the bed of the river, and after each step of the treatment: pre-filtration in sand/anthracite filters, ozonation, coagulation/flocculation, counter current dissolved air flotation and filtration (CoCoDAFF) and chlorination. The NEU fraction showed a seasonal variation, with maximum values in autumn for the sampling points corresponding to raw water captured at the surface and under the bed of the river. It was usually the predominating fraction and did not show a significant decrease throughout the treatment. Nevertheless their low concentration, the same occurred for the CHA and VHA fractions. There was an overall decrease in the SHA fraction throughout the water treatment (especially after CoCoDAFF and ozonation) as well as in the DOC. The TSUVA254 values obtained for raw water generally varied between 2.0 and 4.0 L mgC-1 m-1 and between 0.75 and 1.78 L mgC-1 m-1 for treated water. It was observed a decrease of TSUVA values along the treatment, especially after ozonation. These results may contribute to a further optimization in the process of treating water for human consumption.

Estudo de optimização energética da unidade 1400

O estudo de optimização energética da Unidade 1400 da Fábrica de Combustíveis da Refinaria de Matosinhos da Galp Energia foi realizado com base no projecto de revamping elaborado pela AXENS, devido à existência de dúvidas (Galp Energia) de que aquele projecto não estivesse, do ponto de vista energético, totalmente rentabilizado. Para a consecução deste estudo, foi aplicado o conceito Pinch (Ponto de Estrangulamento), recorrendo-se quer a software dedicado disponível (ASPEN Energy Analyser), quer ao cálculo da Cascata de Calor. Os resultados obtidos em definitivo foram-no através deste último, tendo servido o primeiro apenas como indicador, devido à existência de incoerências (pelo menos aparentes). Foram considerados três cenários, tendo apenas como elemento diferenciador o valor de ΔTmin: 10, 15 e 20 oC. Foi detectado, somente para este último (20 oC), um ponto de estrangulamento. Os três cenários concordam na necessidade de inclusão de um novo permutador de calor entre a corrente de gasóleo após sofrer reacção de hidrogenação (fundo do reactor) e após dois estágios de arrefecimento e a corrente de gasóleo à entrada da Unidade e após recepção do reciclo de hidrogénio, constituindo assim a sua fonte inicial de aquecimento. Como consequência, também são reduzidas as necessidades de serviço da fornalha pré-reactor e das utilidades de arrefecimento. Para o cálculo do novo permutador de calor, seguiram-se duas vias: carcaça e tubos convencional e carcaça e tubos com disposição helicoidal das chicanas (Helixchanger®). Para o primeiro tipo, recorreu-se ao software ASPEN Exchanger Design & Rating, sendo, para o segundo, a empresa detentora da tecnologia (Lummus Technology) a fornecer a solução pretendida. Procedeu-se a um breve estudo de rentabilidade económica do investimento em causa, considerando o seu maior valor (Helixchanger®), sendo o resultado favorável à sua aplicação.

Luminol-doped nanostructured composite materials for chemiluminescent sensing of hydrogen peroxide

Silica based nanostructured composite materials doped with luminol and cobalt(II) ion were synthesized and characterized, resulting in a highly chemiluminescent material in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. A detection system with the CL light guided from the reaction tube to the photomultiplier tube using a one millimeter glass optical fiber was developed and assessed. A linear response was observed using a semi-logarithm calibration between 50–2000 µM hydrogen peroxide with 1 µM as the limit of detection.