Efeito das condições ambientais na produtividade lipídica da Dunaliella tertiolecta

Este trabalho teve como objectivo a optimização das condições de crescimento de biomassa algal tendo em vista a sua utilização como fonte de lípidos para biocombustíveis. Assim, procedeu-se à inoculação de duas estirpes, a Dunaliella tertiolecta (água salgada) e a Tetraselmis subcordiformis (água salobra), seleccionando-se a Dunaliella tertiolecta uma vez que esta apresentou um crescimento mais rápido. Escolhida a estirpe a usar, avaliou-se a influência da composição do meio de cultura da espécie, variando-se a concentração de macronutrientes (Magnésio, Potássio, Azoto, Fósforo) e de micronutrientes (Manganês, Zinco, Ferro, Cobalto) presentes no meio em 10 e 20 vezes, comparativamente à do meio de cultura padrão, o meio Artificial Seawater Medium with Vitamins. Avaliou-se o crescimento algal, a uma temperatura de 25 ºC ± 2 ºC, com uma intensidade de iluminação de 5000 lux (lâmpadas luz dia) e fotoperíodos 12:12 h, controlando possíveis contaminações nas culturas em estudo. Para os ensaios realizados com a Dunaliella tertiolecta, os melhores resultados para a produtividade média e máxima de biomassa, 63,06 mgbiomassa seca/L.dia e 141,79 mgbiomassa seca/L.dia, respectivamente, foram obtidos no ensaio em que se fez variar 10 vezes a concentração de azoto (sob a forma de nitrato). Os resultados mais satisfatórios para o teor lípidico e para a produtividade lipídica máxima, 33,45% e 47,43 mgóleo/L.dia respectivamente, também foram obtidos no ensaio em que se fez variar 10 vezes a concentração de azoto (sob a forma de nitrato), (com extracção dos lípidos usando o método de Bligh e Dyer). Foram testados dois solventes para a extracção de lipídos, o clorofórmio e o hexano, tendose obtido resultados superiores com o clorofórmio, comparativamente aos obtidos quando se usou hexano, com excepção do ensaio em que se aumentou 20 vezes a concentração de fósforo no meio de cultura das microalgas. Verificou-se que, em todos os ensaios foi atingido o estado estacionário sensivelmente na mesma altura, isto é, decorridos cerca de 25 dias após o início do estudo, excepto os ensaios em que se fez variar a concentração de cobalto, para os quais as culturas não se adaptaram às alterações do meio, acabando por morrer passados 15 dias. A adição dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes usados nos ensaios, nas quantidades testadas, não influenciou significativamente a produtividade lipídica, com excepção do azoto e ferro. Conclui-se que o aumento da concentração de azoto para 10x o valor padrão potencia o aumento da produtividade lipídica máxima para mais do dobro (3,6 vezes – Padrão: 13,25 mgóleo/L.dia; 10x N: 47,43 mgóleo/L.dia) e que o aumento da concentração de ferro para 10x o valor padrão potencia o aumento da produtividade lipídica máxima para aproximadamente o dobro (1,9 vezes - Padrão: 14,61 mgóleo/L.dia; 10x Fe: 28,04 mgóleo/L.dia). Nos ensaios realizados com adição de azoto ou ferro, os resultados obtidos para a concentração, teor lípidico e produtividade lipídica máxima, foram sempre superiores aos do padrão correspondente, pelo que se pode concluir que estes ensaios se apresentam como os mais promissores deste estudo, embora o ensaio mais satisfatório tenha sido aquele em que se promoveu a alteração da concentração de azoto para 10 vezes o valor padrão.

Interactive light and sound table: an EPS@ISEP project

Interactive products are appealing objects in a technology-driven society and the offer in the market is wide and varied. Most of the existing interactive products only provide either light or sound experiences. Therefore, the goal of this project was to develop a product aimed for children combining both features. This project was developed by a team of four thirdyear students with different engineering backgrounds and nationalities during the European Project Semester at ISEP (EPS@ISEP) in 2012. This paper presents the process that led to the development of an interactive sound table that combines nine identical interaction blocks, a control block and a sound block. Each interaction block works independently and is composed of four light emitting diodes (LED) and one infrared (IR) sensor. The control is performed by an Arduino microcontroller and the sound block includes a music shield and a pair of loud speakers. A number of tests were carried out to assess whether the controller, IR sensors, LED, music shield and speakers work together properly and if the ensemble was a viable interactive light and sound device for children.

Sustainability and economic evaluation of microalgae grown in brewery wastewater

This article evaluates the sustainability and economic potential of microalgae grown in brewery wastewater for biodiesel and biomass production. Three sustainability and two economic indicators were considered in the evaluation within a life cycle perspective. For the production system the most efficient process units were selected. Results show that harvesting and oil separation are the main process bottlenecks. Microalgae with higher lipid content and productivity are desirable for biodiesel production, although comparable to other biofuel’s feedstock concerning sustainability. However, improvements are still needed to reach the performance level of fossil diesel. Profitability reaches a limit for larger cultivation areas, being higher when extracted biomass is sold together with microalgae oil, in which case the influence of lipid content and areal productivity is smaller. The values of oil and/or biomass prices calculated to ensure that the process is economically sound are still very high compared with other fuel options, especially biodiesel.

Sound levels and risk perceptions of music students during classes

It is well recognized that professional musicians are at risk of hearing damage due to the exposure to high sound pressure levels during music playing. However, it is important to recognize that the musicians’ exposure may start early in the course of their training as students in the classroom and at home. Studies regarding sound exposure of music students and their hearing disorders are scarce and do not take into account important influencing variables. Therefore, this study aimed to describe sound level exposures of music students at different music styles, classes, and according to the instrument played. Further, this investigation attempted to analyze the perceptions of students in relation to exposure to loud music and consequent health risks, as well as to characterize preventive behaviors. The results showed that music students are exposed to high sound levels in the course of their academic activity. This exposure is potentiated by practice outside the school and other external activities. Differences were found between music style, instruments, and classes. Tinnitus, hyperacusis, diplacusis, and sound distortion were reported by the students. However, students were not entirely aware of the health risks related to exposure to high sound pressure levels. These findings reflect the importance of starting intervention in relation to noise risk reduction at an early stage, when musicians are commencing their activity as students.

Quantification and viability analyses of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata algal cells using image-based cytometry

This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of using image-based cytometry (IBC) in the analysis of algal cell quantification and viability, using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as a cell model. Cell concentration was determined by IBC to be in a linear range between 1 × 105 and 8 × 106 cells mL−1. Algal viability was defined on the basis that the intact membrane of viable cells excludes the SYTOX Green (SG) probe. The disruption of membrane integrity represents irreversible damage and consequently results in cell death. Using IBC, we were able to successfully discriminate between live (SG-negative cells) and dead algal cells (heat-treated at 65 °C for 60 min; SG-positive cells). The observed viability of algal populations containing different proportions of killed cells was well correlated (R 2 = 0.994) with the theoretical viability. The validation of the use of this technology was carried out by exposing algal cells of P. subcapitata to a copper stress test for 96 h. IBC allowed us to follow the evolution of cell concentration and the viability of copper-exposed algal populations. This technology overcomes several main drawbacks usually associated with microscopy counting, such as labour-intensive experiments, tedious work and lack of the representativeness of the cell counting. In conclusion, IBC allowed a fast and automated determination of the total number of algal cells and allowed us to analyse viability. This technology can provide a useful tool for a wide variety of fields that utilise microalgae, such as the aquatic toxicology and biotechnology fields.