NFPA 850: firetrace e os fogos em turbinas de vento

As Turbinas de Vento ou Aerogeradores podem atingir 90 metros de altura e custar mais de 1 milhão de euros. As condições críticas do seu funcionamento, como o ambiente atmosférico com ventos fortes e relâmpagos; as vibrações; as poeiras; as grandes alturas e o difícil acesso para manutenção, tornam a ocorrência de incêndio muito provável. O que será melhor, ver pacientemente um fogo destruir até à exaustão a turbina ou, ter instalado um sistema que o elimina logo na origem?

O justo valor e as suas implicações fiscais

Com a introdução do novo sistema de SNC, produziu-se uma mudança de paradigma contabilístico e realizou-se várias alterações no Código do IRC. Acolheu-se o método do justo valor como o método que melhor representa a realidade e a vontade das partes nas áreas onde o custo histórico era dominante. Criou-se a obrigação para as entidades de integrar o modelo do justo valor nas demonstrações de resultados ou no balanço, conforme os bens se destinam ou não a ser vendidos, e nas situações em que é apenas aceite o modelo do custo determinou-se que os ganhos ou perdas resultantes da alteração do justo valor não devem concorrer para a formação do lucro tributável, fazendo como que o justo valor exerça hoje uma clara influência na tributação das sociedades.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and chemical degradation of brazed AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina systems

The main aims of the present study are simultaneously to relate the brazing parameters with: (i) the correspondent interfacial microstructure, (ii) the resultant mechanical properties and (iii) the electrochemical degradation behaviour of AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina brazed joints. Filler metals on such as Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti and Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti were used to produce the joints. Three different brazing temperatures (850, 900 and 950 °C), keeping a constant holding time of 20 min, were tested. The objective was to understand the influence of the brazing temperature on the final microstructure and properties of the joints. The mechanical properties of the metal/ceramic (M/C) joints were assessed from bond strength tests carried out using a shear solicitation loading scheme. The fracture surfaces were studied both morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The degradation behaviour of the M/C joints was assessed by means of electrochemical techniques. It was found that using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C, produces the best results in terms of bond strength, 234 ± 18 MPa. The mechanical properties obtained could be explained on the basis of the different compounds identified on the fracture surfaces by XRD. On the other hand, the use of the Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C produces the best results in terms of corrosion rates (lower corrosion current density), 0.76 ± 0.21 μA cm−2. Nevertheless, the joints produced at 850 °C using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy present the best compromise between mechanical properties and degradation behaviour, 234 ± 18 MPa and 1.26 ± 0.58 μA cm−2, respectively. The role of Ti diffusion is fundamental in terms of the final value achieved for the M/C bond strength. On the contrary, the Ag and Cu distribution along the brazed interface seem to play the most relevant role in the metal/ceramic joints electrochemical performance.

Mode III interlaminar fracture of carbon/epoxy laminates using the edge crack torsion (ECT) test

The mode III interlaminar fracture of carbon/epoxy laminates was evaluated with the edge crack torsion (ECT) test. Three-dimensional finite element analyses were performed in order to select two specimen geometries and an experimental data reduction scheme. Test results showed considerable non-linearity before the maximum load point and a significant R-curve effect. These features prevented an accurate definition of the initiation point. Nevertheless, analyses of non-linearity zones showed two likely initiation points corresponding to GIIIc values between 850 and 1100 J/m2 for both specimen geometries. Although any of these values is realistic, the range is too broad, thus showing the limitations of the ECT test and the need for further research.