Representations of gender in the writings of St. Francis Xavier: an interdisciplinary approach

Francis Xavier’s Letters and Writings are eloquent narratives of a journey that absorbed the Saint’s entire life. His experiences and idiosyncrasies, values and categorizations are presented in a clear literate discourse. The missionary is rarely neutral in his opinions as he sustains his unmistakable and omnipresent objective: the conversion of peoples and the expansion of the Society of Jesus. Parallel with this objective, the reader is introduced to the individuals that Xavier meets or that he summons in his epistolary discourse. Letters and Writings presents us with a structured narrative peopled by all those who are subject to and objects of Xavier’s apostolic mission, by helpful and unhelpful persons of influence, and by leading and secondary actors. What is then the position of women, in the collective sense as well as in the individual sense, in the travels and goals that are the centre of Xavier’s Letters and Writings? What is the role of women, that secondary and suppressed term in the man/woman binomial, a dichotomy similar to the civilized/savage and European/native binomials that punctuate Xavier’s narratives and the historic context of his letters? Women are not absent from his writings, but it would be naïve to argue in favour of the author’s misogyny as much as of his “profound knowledge of the female heart”, to quote from Paulo Durão in "Women in the Letters of Saint Francis Xavier" (1952), the only paper on this subject published so far. We denote four great categories of women in the Letters and Writings: European Women, Converted Women, Women Who Profess another Religion, and Women as the Agents and Objects of Sin, the latter of which traverses the other three categories. They all depend on the context, circumstances and judgements of value that the author chooses to highlight and articulate.

Auto-medicação em adolescentes do Ensino Secundário de Vila Nova de Gaia

Este trabalho de investigação encontra-se estruturado em cinco capítulos. Na Introdução geral, é apresentado o estado de arte, sendo definido o tema da investigação. No segundo capítulo são apresentados os objectivos do trabalho: geral e específicos. No capítulo da Metodologia encontram-se definidos o tipo de estudo, a população em estudo e amostra, o instrumento de recolha de dados e sua validação, as considerações éticas e finalmente, os testes estatísticos utilizados. No quarto capítulo encontram-se os Artigos redigidos, tendo sido um deles submetido à "Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública', cujo factor de impacto em 2009 foi de 2,655 e o outro será submetido à posteriori à revista "Pharmaceutica/ Researcli', cujo factor de impacto em 2009 foi de 3,933. O último capítulo integra as Considerações Finais. Apresenta-se como objectivo geral determinar a prevalência da automedicação numa faixa etária específica- a adolescência, procedendo para tal, a uma recolha de dados perante questionário efectuado a alunos de 12° ano das Escolas Secundárias de Vila Nova de Gaia. Foram obtidas 699 respostas, tendo sido constatada uma prevalência de auto-medicação em 83,8% dos alunos inquiridos. Esta prevalência é considerada elevada, havendo uma necessidade de desenvolver programas educacionais, promovendo aos adolescentes uma utilização adequada dos medicamentos.

Interlimb coordination during the stance phase of gait in subjects with stroke

Objective: To analyze the relation between contralesional and ipsilesional limbs in subjects with stroke during step-to-step transition of walking. Design: Observational, transversal, analytical study with a convenience sample. Setting: Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic. Participants: Subjects (nZ16) with poststroke hemiparesis with the ability to walk independently and healthy controls (nZ22). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Bilateral lower limbs electromyographic activity of the soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, and vastus medialis (VM) muscles and the ground reaction force were analyzed during double-support and terminal stance phases of gait. Results: The propulsive impulse of the contralesional trailing limb was negatively correlated with the braking impulse of the leading limb during double support (rZ .639, PZ.01). A moderate functional relation was observed between thigh muscles (rZ .529, PZ.035), and a strong and moderate dysfunctional relation was found between the plantar flexors of the ipsilesional limb and the vastus medialis of the contralesional limb, respectively (SOL-VM, rZ .80, P<.001; gastrocnemius medialis-VM, rZ .655, PZ.002). Also, a functional moderate negative correlation was found between the SOL and rectus femoris muscles of the ipsilesional limb during terminal stance and between the SOL (rZ .506, PZ.046) and VM (rZ .518, PZ.04) muscles of the contralesional limb during loading response, respectively. The trailing limb relative impulse contribution of the contralesional limb was lower than the ipsilesional limb of subjects with stroke (PZ.02) and lower than the relative impulse contribution of the healthy limb (PZ.008) during double support. Conclusions: The findings obtained suggest that the lower performance of the contralesional limb in forward propulsion during gait is related not only to contralateral supraspinal damage but also to a dysfunctional influence of the ipsilesional limb.