Microstructure, mechanical properties and chemical degradation of brazed AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina systems

The main aims of the present study are simultaneously to relate the brazing parameters with: (i) the correspondent interfacial microstructure, (ii) the resultant mechanical properties and (iii) the electrochemical degradation behaviour of AISI 316 stainless steel/alumina brazed joints. Filler metals on such as Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti and Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti were used to produce the joints. Three different brazing temperatures (850, 900 and 950 °C), keeping a constant holding time of 20 min, were tested. The objective was to understand the influence of the brazing temperature on the final microstructure and properties of the joints. The mechanical properties of the metal/ceramic (M/C) joints were assessed from bond strength tests carried out using a shear solicitation loading scheme. The fracture surfaces were studied both morphologically and structurally using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The degradation behaviour of the M/C joints was assessed by means of electrochemical techniques. It was found that using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C, produces the best results in terms of bond strength, 234 ± 18 MPa. The mechanical properties obtained could be explained on the basis of the different compounds identified on the fracture surfaces by XRD. On the other hand, the use of the Ag–34.5Cu–1.5Ti brazing alloy and a brazing temperature of 850 °C produces the best results in terms of corrosion rates (lower corrosion current density), 0.76 ± 0.21 μA cm−2. Nevertheless, the joints produced at 850 °C using a Ag–26.5Cu–3Ti brazing alloy present the best compromise between mechanical properties and degradation behaviour, 234 ± 18 MPa and 1.26 ± 0.58 μA cm−2, respectively. The role of Ti diffusion is fundamental in terms of the final value achieved for the M/C bond strength. On the contrary, the Ag and Cu distribution along the brazed interface seem to play the most relevant role in the metal/ceramic joints electrochemical performance.

Portuguese-Americans in the East Coast: is “crystallization” a myth?

In the last but one census of the population in the US, I had to respond as a foreigner resident, and when I was asked about my race, I chose to answer the ways I had heard the activists of the civil rights movement used to do in the US, when color blindness was an important thing to fight for – to “RACE” I added “HUMAN”...

Multi-agent negotiation for coalition formation and management in electricity markets

Negotiation is a fundamental tool for reaching understandings that allow each involved party to gain an advantage for themselves by the end of the process. In recent years, with the increasing of compe-titiveness in most sectors, negotiation procedures become present in practically all of them. One particular environment in which the competitiveness has been increasing exponentially is the electricity markets sector. This work is directed to the study of electricity markets’ partici-pating entities interaction, namely in what concerns the formation, management and operation of aggregating entities – Virtual Power Players (VPPs). VPPs are responsible for managing coalitions of market players with small market negotiating influence, which take strategic advantage in entering such aggregations, to increase their negotiating power. This chapter presents a negotiation methodology for the creation and management of coalitions in Electricity Markets. This approach is tested using MASCEM, taking advantage of its ability to provide the means to model and simulate VPPs. VPPs are represented as coalitions of agents, with the capability of negotiating both in the market, and internally, with their members, in order to combine and manage their individual specific characteristics and goals, with the strategy and objectives of the VPP itself.

Caracterização biomecânica do gesto de alcançar em individuos pós Acidente Vascular Encefálico

É objectivo deste trabalho caracterizar biomecanicamente o gesto de alcançar em indivíduos pós Acidente Vascular Encefálico. A amostra é constituída por 4 indivíduos sem patologia do foro neuro-músculo-esquelético e 4 indivíduos com confirmação imagiológica do diagnóstico de AVE único e unilateral no território da artéria cerebral média, há pelo menos 3 meses; ausência de neglet; ausência de alterações visuais, perceptivas ou cognitivas e capacidade de realizar movimento activo no membro superior predominantemente afectado de pelo menos 15º no ombro e cotovelo. A partir de uma posição de sentado pré-definida, cada indivíduo foi instruído a executar a tarefa funcional de alcançar um alvo (copo com sumo), colocado sobre uma mesa, no limite anatómico da distância de alcance funcional da mão. Para a análise cinemática foram usadas 4 câmaras dispostas duas a duas para avaliação do movimento de cada um dos membros superiores. Foram colocados marcadores reflectores nas seguintes estruturas ósseas: esterno; acrómio (bilateralmente); epicôndilo lateral; processo estilóide do cúbito, 3º metacarpo e grande trocânter. Foi também colocado um marcador no objecto-alvo. Recorreu-se ao software APAS para análise das seguintes variáveis cinemáticas: tempo de execução do movimento, velocidade máxima da mão, unidades de movimento, trajectória (através do índex de curvatura) e extensão do cotovelo. Verificou-se que no grupo de indivíduos com AVE comparativamente ao grupo de indivíduos sem patologia, o tempo de execução do movimento foi superior (5,8±2,48 e 0,9±0,22 respectivamente), a velocidade máxima da mão foi inferior (101,7±32,62 e 153,3±56,32 respectivamente), o número de unidades de movimento foi superior (6,3±1,50 e 2,5±0,58 respectivamente), o índex de curvatura foi superior (1,8±0,54 e 1,2±0,1 respectivamente) e a amplitude de extensão do cotovelo foi inferior (15,3±16,48 e 50,2±6,72 respectivamente). Os indivíduos com AVE apresentam alterações nos parâmetros cinemáticos analisados, quando comparados com indivíduos sem patologia.

Buildings Sustainability: The HVAC Contribution

A very important part of the globally produced energy is consumed in buildings, being an important share frequently used in the HVAC systems. These ones are increasing both in performance and in complexity, taking advantage from the use of the recent advances in mechanical and power electronic devices, particularly in the speed variation field. However the improved efficiency only occurs while the HVAC unit is working in the conditions specified by the manufacturer, otherwise the energy consumption raises to values considerably higher than the nominal ones. The adequate maintenance enforces the system to run on its nominal performance and the contrary has undesirable impact both in the performance and in the system expected life time. Therefore, HVAC field maintenance assumes a very important role in the global building sustainability concept. This work presents some results of an incorrect use of HVAC and the associated electric energy overconsumption that can assume values 50% higher than those that occur when the installation is operated according to the adequate maintenance plan.

Characterization of an antioxidant surfactant-free topical formulation containing Castanea sativa leaf extract

Context: Inclusion of antioxidants in topical formulations can contribute to minimize oxidative stress in the skin, which has been associated with photoaging, several dermatosis and cancer. Objective: A Castanea sativa leaf extract with established antioxidant activity was incorporated into a semisolid surfactant-free formulation. The objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive characterization of this formulation. Materials and methods: Physical, microbiological and functional stability were evaluated during 6 months storage at 20 °C and 40 °C. Microstructure elucidation (cryo-SEM), in vitro release and in vivo moisturizing effect (Corneometer® CM 825) were also assessed. Results and discussion: Minor changes were observed in the textural and rheological properties of the formulation when stored at 20 °C for 6 months and the antioxidant activity of the plant extract remained constant throughout the storage period. Microbiological quality was confirmed at the end of the study. Under accelerated conditions, higher modifications of the evaluated parameters were observed. Cryo-SEM analysis revealed the presence of oil droplets dispersed into a gelified external phase. The release rate of the antioxidant compounds (610 ± 70 µgh−0.5) followed Higuchi model. A significant in vivo moisturizing effect was demonstrated, that lasted at least 4 h after product’s application. Conclusion: The physical, functional and microbiological stability of the antioxidant formulation was established. Specific storage conditions should be recommended considering the influence of temperature on the stability. A skin hydration effect and good skin tolerance were also found which suggests that this preparation can be useful in the prevention or treatment of oxidative stress-mediated dysfunctions.