Os Azorean refugee acts de 1958 e 1960

Polissema: Revista de Letras do ISCAP 2002/N.º 2 Linguagens

Futebol: o caminho de África até à Europa

Similarly to its past, Africa plays a similar role in the football world as it did during History, if we look at the creation of some of the most powerful empires in the world (the Portuguese, French or English, for example) – as an almost unlimited workforce ‘supplier’. Africa is still searching for its own place in the football world map. With a recent history filled with social conflicts, civil wars and racial discrimination, it was possibly in this continent that the sport was first seen as a means towards social evolution and as ‘peacemaker’. Although these problems also exist in African stadiums, supporters all over the continent go to matches to celebrate and socialize; in a reality constantly shrouded in conflicts and oppression, football is like a ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ to those who believe in a continent sustained by healthy political relations between countries, democratic values and a socially fair ‘use’ of a country’s potential – and always for the profit of its own people. But while see the attempt to use football with that objective, others see it as their ticket out of their country, to avoid getting involved in military conflicts and seek better life conditions for themselves and their families (both those who accompany them and those who remain in Africa). Others, still, try to make the most of others’ will to leave a less favourable social reality; Portugal, for its past as a colonizing country, also saw in the African players a way to develop the football phenomenon in its European territory. This article attempts to analyze the influence of Portuguese colonialism in the emigration of African players to Europe, since Portugal presents itself as one of the biggest ‘importers’ of these players.

A disciplina de Canto Coral e o seu reportório de 1918 a 1960

Este artigo resulta da apresentação, no último Encontro da Escola de Outono realizado em 50 de Setembro de 2000, de um trabalho de dissertação de mestrado em Ciências Musicais, Especialidade de Ciências Musicais históricas, sob o título A Disciplina de Canto Coral no Período do Estado Novo: Contributo para a história do Ensino da Educação Musical em Portugal. Apesar da investigação ter incidido no período compreendido entre 1950 e 1960, que para muitos historiadores são as datas que marcaram, respectivamente, o começo da estabilização do regime e o seu declínio, recuou-se até 1918, data da institucionalização da disciplina para toda a população do ensino liceal. Dado que o Canto Coral passou por fases distintas ao longo do período já referido, optou-se pela escolha de três canções que pudessem ajudar a caracterizar três momentos particularmente significativos da história da disciplina.