Effect of fractional orders in the velocity control of a servo system

The application of fractional-order PID controllers is now an active field of research. This article investigates the effect of fractional (derivative and integral) orders upon system's performance in the velocity control of a servo system. The servo system consists of a digital servomechanism and an open-architecture software environment for real-time control experiments using MATLAB/Simulink tools. Experimental responses are presented and analyzed, showing the effectiveness of fractional controllers. Comparison with classical PID controllers is also investigated.

On the fractional order control of heat systems

The differentiation of non-integer order has its origin in the seventeenth century, but only in the last two decades appeared the first applications in the area of control theory. In this paper we consider the study of a heat diffusion system based on the application of the fractional calculus concepts. In this perspective, several control methodologies are investigated namely the fractional PID and the Smith predictor. Extensive simulations are presented assessing the performance of the proposed fractional-order algorithms.

Complex dynamics in the trajectory control of redundant manipulators

Redundant manipulators allow the trajectory optimization, the obstacle avoidance, and the resolution of singularities. For this type of manipulators, the kinematic control algorithms adopt generalized inverse matrices that may lead to unpredictable responses. Motivated by these problems this paper studies the complexity revealed by the trajectory planning scheme when controlling redundant manipulators. The results reveal fundamental properties of the chaotic phenomena and give a deeper insight towards the development of superior trajectory control algorithms.

Integer vs. fractional order control of a hexapod robot

This paper studies the performance of integer and fractional order controllers in a hexapod robot with joints at the legs having viscous friction and flexibility. For that objective the robot prescribed motion is characterized in terms of several locomotion variables. The controller performance is analised through the Nyquist stability criterion. A set of model-based experiments reveals the influence of the different controller implementations upon the proposed metrics.

Approximating fractional derivatives in the perspective of system control

The theory of fractional calculus goes back to the beginning of the theory of differential calculus, but its application received attention only recently. In the area of automatic control some work was developed, but the proposed algorithms are still in a research stage. This paper discusses a novel method, with two degrees of freedom, for the design of fractional discrete-time derivatives. The performance of several approximations of fractional derivatives is investigated in the perspective of nonlinear system control.

Fractional control of heat diffusion systems

The concept of differentiation and integration to non-integer order has its origins in the seventeen century. However, only in the second-half of the twenty century appeared the first applications related to the area of control theory. In this paper we consider the study of a heat diffusion system based on the application of the fractional calculus concepts. In this perspective, several control methodologies are investigated and compared. Simulations are presented assessing the performance of the proposed fractional-order algorithms.

Discretization of complex-order algorithms for control applications

In this article we describe several methods for the discretization of the differintegral operator sa, where α = u + jv is a complex value. The concept of the conjugated-order differintegral is also introduced, which enables the use of complex-order differintegrals while still producing real-valued time responses and transfer functions. The performance of the resulting approximations is analysed in both the time and frequency domains. Several results are presented that demonstrate its utility in control system design.

Fractional dynamics in the trajectory control of redundant manipulators

Under the pseudoinverse control, robots with kinematical redundancy exhibit an undesirable chaotic joint motion which leads to an erratic behavior. This paper studies the complexity of fractional dynamics of the chaotic response. Fourier and wavelet analysis provides a deeper insight, helpful to know better the lack of repeatability problem of redundant manipulators. This perspective for the study of the chaotic phenomena will permit the development of superior trajectory control algorithms.

Control of a 6-DOF parallel manipulator through a mechatronic approach

This paper shows that a hierarchical architecture, distributing several control actions in growing levels of complexity and using resources of reconfigurable computing, enables one to take into account the ease of future modifications, updates and improvements in robotic applications. An experimental example of a Stewart—Gough platform control (a platform applied as the solution to countless practical problems) is presented using reconfigurable computing. The software and hardware developed are structured in independent blocks. This open architecture implementation allows easy expansion of the system and better adaptation of the platform to its related tasks.

Projeto e implementação de um pré-regulador de fator de potência com controlo digital

Hoje em dia as fontes de alimentação possuem correção do fator de potência, devido às diversas normas regulamentares existentes, que introduziram grandes restrições no que respeita à distorção harmónica (THD) e fator de potência (FP). Este trabalho trata da análise, desenvolvimento e implementação de um Pré-Regulador de fator de potência com controlo digital. O controlo digital de conversores com recurso a processamento digital de sinal tem vindo a ser ao longo dos últimos anos, objeto de investigação e desenvolvimento, estando constantemente a surgirem modificações nas topologias existentes. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar e implementar um Pré-Regulador Retificador Boost e o respetivo controlo digital. O controlo do conversor é feito através da técnica dos valores médios instantâneos da corrente de entrada, desenvolvido através da linguagem de descrição de hardware VHDL (VHSIC HDL – Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) e implementado num dispositivo FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) Spartan-3E. Neste trabalho são apresentadas análises matemáticas, para a obtenção das funções de transferência pertinentes ao projeto dos controladores. Para efetuar este controlo é necessário adquirir os sinais da corrente de entrada, tensão de entrada e tensão de saída. O sinal resultante do módulo de controlo é um sinal de PWM com valor de fator de ciclo variável ao longo do tempo. O projeto é simulado e validado através da plataforma MatLab/Simulink e PSIM, onde são apresentados resultados para o regime permanente e para transitórios da carga e da tensão de alimentação. Finalmente, o Pré-Regulador Retificador Boost controlado de forma digital é implementado em laboratório. Os resultados experimentais são apresentados para validar a metodologia e o projeto desenvolvidos.

Optimal fuzzy PID control tuned with genetic algorithms

Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) are intelligent systems, based on heuristic knowledge, that have been largely applied in numerous areas of everyday life. They can be used to describe a linear or nonlinear system and are suitable when a real system is not known or too difficult to find their model. FLC provide a formal methodology for representing, manipulating and implementing a human heuristic knowledge on how to control a system. These controllers can be seen as artificial decision makers that operate in a closed-loop system, in real time. The main aim of this work was to develop a single optimal fuzzy controller, easily adaptable to a wide range of systems – simple to complex, linear to nonlinear – and able to control all these systems. Due to their efficiency in searching and finding optimal solution for high complexity problems, GAs were used to perform the FLC tuning by finding the best parameters to obtain the best responses. The work was performed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. This is a very useful tool that provides an easy way to test and analyse the FLC, the PID and the GAs in the same environment. Therefore, it was proposed a Fuzzy PID controller (FL-PID) type namely, the Fuzzy PD+I. For that, the controller was compared with the classical PID controller tuned with, the heuristic Ziegler-Nichols tuning method, the optimal Zhuang-Atherton tuning method and the GA method itself. The IAE, ISE, ITAE and ITSE criteria, used as the GA fitness functions, were applied to compare the controllers performance used in this work. Overall, and for most systems, the FL-PID results tuned with GAs were very satisfactory. Moreover, in some cases the results were substantially better than for the other PID controllers. The best system responses were obtained with the IAE and ITAE criteria used to tune the FL-PID and PID controllers.

Construção de um variador de frequência

A dificuldade de controlo de um motor de indução, bem como o armazenamento de energia CC e posterior utilização como energia alternada promoveram o desenvolvimento de variadores de frequência e inversores. Assim, como projeto de tese de mestrado em Automação e Sistemas surge o desenvolvimento de um variador de frequência. Para elaboração do variador de frequência efetuou-se um estudo sobre as técnicas de modulação utilizadas nos inversores. A técnica escolhida e utilizada é a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). Esta técnica baseia-se na modelação por largura de impulso (PWM), o qual é formado por comparação de um sinal de referência com um sinal de portadora de elevada frequência. Por sua vez, a topologia escolhida para o inversor corresponde a um Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) de ponte trifásica completa a três terminais. O desenvolvimento da técnica de modulação SPWM levou ao desenvolvimento de um modelo de simulação em SIMULINK, o qual permitiu retirar conclusões sobre os resultados obtidos. Na fase de implementação, foram desenvolvidas placas para o funcionamento do variador de frequência. Assim, numa fase inicial foi desenvolvida a placa de controlo, a qual contém a unidade de processamento e que é responsável pela atuação de Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). Para além disso, foi desenvolvida uma placa para proteção dos IGBTs (evitando condução simultânea no mesmo terminal) e uma placa de fontes isoladas para alimentação dos circuitos e para atuação dos IGBTs. Ainda, foi desenvolvida a técnica de SPWM em software para a unidade de controlo e finalmente foi desenvolvida uma interface gráfica para interação com o utilizador. A validação do projeto foi conseguida através da variação da velocidade do motor de indução trifásico. Para isso, este foi colocado a funcionar a diversas frequências de funcionamento e a diferentes amplitudes. Para além disso, o seu funcionamento foi também validado utilizando uma carga trifásica equilibrada de 3 lâmpadas de forma a ser visualizada a variação de frequência e variação de amplitude.

Desenvolvimento de um modelo de procurement e abastecimento para uma união de mutualistas

Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica – Gestão Industrial

Adapted Control Methods for Cerebral Palsy Users of an Intelligent Wheelchair

The development of an intelligent wheelchair (IW) platform that may be easily adapted to any commercial electric powered wheelchair and aid any person with special mobility needs is the main objective of this project. To be able to achieve this main objective, three distinct control methods were implemented in the IW: manual, shared and automatic. Several algorithms were developed for each of these control methods. This paper presents three of the most significant of those algorithms with emphasis on the shared control method. Experiments were performed by users suffering from cerebral palsy, using a realistic simulator, in order to validate the approach. The experiments revealed the importance of using shared (aided) controls for users with severe disabilities. The patients still felt having complete control over the wheelchair movement when using a shared control at a 50% level and thus this control type was very well accepted. Thus it may be used in intelligent wheelchairs since it is able to correct the direction in case of involuntary movements of the user but still gives him a sense of complete control over the IW movement.

Load Control Timescales Simulation in a Multi-Agent Smart Grid Platform

Environmental concerns and the shortage in the fossil fuel reserves have been potentiating the growth and globalization of distributed generation. Another resource that has been increasing its importance is the demand response, which is used to change consumers’ consumption profile, helping to reduce peak demand. Aiming to support small players’ participation in demand response events, the Curtailment Service Provider emerged. This player works as an aggregator for demand response events. The control of small and medium players which act in smart grid and micro grid environments is enhanced with a multi-agent system with artificial intelligence techniques – the MASGriP (Multi-Agent Smart Grid Platform). Using strategic behaviours in each player, this system simulates the profile of real players by using software agents. This paper shows the importance of modeling these behaviours for studying this type of scenarios. A case study with three examples shows the differences between each player and the best behaviour in order to achieve the higher profit in each situation.