Mixed extractant systems for metal recovery

Hoje em dia, a preven����o dos res��duos de metais �� uma quest��o muito importante para um grande n��mero de empresas, pois necessitam optimizar o seu sistema de tratamento de ��guas residuais a fim de alcan��arem os limites legais dos teores em i��es met��licos e poderem efectuar a descarga das ��guas residuais no dom��nio h��drico p��blico. Devido a esta problem��tica foram efectuados estudos inovadores relacionados com a remo����o de i��es met��licos de ��guas residuais, verificando-se que as tecnologias de membrana oferecem uma s��rie de vantagens para o efeito. Uma dessas tecnologias, referida como Membrana L��quida de Suporte (SLM), �� baseada num mecanismo de extrac����o. A membrana hidrof��bica, impregnada com uma solu����o extractora, funciona como barreira entre a ��gua residual e uma solu����o, geralmente ��cida. A diferen��a de pH entre a ��gua residual e a solu����o actua como for��a motriz para o transporte de i��es met��licos da ��gua residual para a referida solu����o. Poder�� ocorrer um problema de falta de estabilidade, resultante da poss��vel fuga da solu����o extractora para fora dos poros das membranas. Estudos anteriores mostraram que os ��cidos alquilfosf��ricos ou ��cidos fosf��nicos, como os reagentes D2EHPA e CYANEX e hidroxioximas como o LIX 860-I podem ser muito ��teis para a extra����o de i��es met��licos como ferro, cobre, n��quel, zinco e outros. A cl��ssica extrac����o l��quido-l��quido tamb��m tem mostrado que a mistura de diferentes extractores pode ter um efeito sinerg��tico. No entanto, n��o �� claro que haja um efeito ��ptimo da raz��o de extractor ou que tipo de complexo �� formado durante o processo de extrac����o. O objectivo deste projecto �� investigar este comportamento sinerg��tico e as complexas forma����es por meio de um m��todo espectrofotom��trico, o ���Job���s method��� e ���Mole-ratio method���. Estes m��todos s��o utilizados para estimar a estequiometria dos v��rios complexos entre dois solutos, a partir da varia����o de absorv��ncia dos complexos quando comparado com a absorv��ncia do soluto. Com este projecto, o Job���s method e mole-ratio method ser��o aplicados a um sistema de tr��s componentes, para conseguir mais informa����es sobre a complexa����o de n��quel (II) e a fim de determinar a raz��o extractor: metal dos complexos formados durante a aplica����o de mistura de extractores D2EHPA e LIX 860-I. Segundo Job���s method a elavada absorv��ncia situa-se na regi��o de 0,015-0,040 M de LIX 860-I e uma baixa concentra����o de D2EHPA. Quando as diferentes experi��ncias s��o encontradas num conjunto experimental foram avaliadas de acordo com o m��todo de trabalho, o valor m��ximo do gr��fico foi encontrado para uma baixa fra����o molar do i��o met��lico e uma maior concentra����o de D2EHPA. Esta mudan��a foi encontrado de 0,50 at�� 0,30, que poderia apontar para a dire����o da forma����o de diferentes complexos. Para o Mole-Ratio method, a estequiometria dos complexos metal pode ser determinada a partir do ponto de intersec����o das linhas tangente do gr��fico da absorb��ncia versus a concentra����o do ligante. Em todos os casos, o m��ximo foi obtido em torno de uma concentra����o total de 0,010 M. Quando D2EHPA foi aplicado sozinho, absorv��ncias muito baixos foram obtidas.

Application of wetland systems in the treatment of acid rock mine drainage

The presented work was conducted within the Dissertation / Internship, branch of Environmental Protection Technology, associated to the Master thesis in Chemical Engineering by the Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto and it was developed in the Aquatest a.s, headquartered in Prague, in Czech Republic. The ore mining exploitation in the Czech Republic began in the thirteenth century, and has been extended until the twentieth century, being now evident the consequences of the intensive extraction which includes contamination of soil and sub-soil by high concentrations of heavy metals. The mountain region of Zlat�� Hory was chosen for the implementation of the remediation project, which consisted in the construction of three cells (tanks), the first to raise the pH, the second for the sedimentation of the formed precipitates and a third to increase the process efficiency in order to reduce high concentrations of metals, with special emphasis on iron, manganese and sulfates. This project was initiated in 2005, being pioneer in this country and is still ongoing due to the complex chemical and biological phenomenon���s inherent to the system. At the site where the project was implemented, there is a natural lagoon, thereby enabling a comparative study of the two systems (natural and artificial) regarding the efficiency of both in the reduction/ removal of the referred pollutants. The study aimed to assist and cooperate in the ongoing investigation at the company Aquatest, in terms of field work conducted in Zlat�� Hory and in terms of research methodologies used in it. Thereby, it was carried out a survey and analysis of available data from 2005 to 2008, being complemented by the treatment of new data from 2009 to 2010. Moreover, a theoretical study of the chemical and biological processes that occurs in both systems was performed. Regarding the field work, an active participation in the collection and in situ sample analyzing of water and soil from the natural pond has been attained, with the supervision of Engineer, Irena ��upikov��. Laboratory analysis of water and soil were carried out by laboratory technicians. It was found that the natural lagoon is more efficient in reducing iron and manganese, being obtained removal percentages of 100%. The artificial lagoon had a removal percentage of 90% and 33% for iron and manganese respectively. Despite the minor efficiency of the constructed wetland, it must be pointed out that this system was designed for the treatment and consequent reduction of iron. In this context, it can conclude that the main goal has been achieved. In the case of sulphates, the removal optimization is yet a goal to be achieved not only in the Czech Republic but also in other places where this type of contamination persists. In fact, in the natural lagoon and in the constructed wetland, removal efficiencies of 45% and 7% were obtained respectively. It has been speculated that the water at the entrance of both systems has different sources. The analysis of the collected data shows at the entrance of the natural pond, a concentration of 4.6 mg/L of total iron, 14.6 mg/L of manganese and 951 mg/L of sulphates. In the artificial pond, the concentrations are 27.7 mg/L, 8.1 mg/L and 382 mg/L respectively for iron, manganese and sulphates. During 2010 the investigation has been expanded. The study of soil samples has started in order to observe and evaluate the contribution of bacteria in the removal of heavy metals being in its early phase. Summarizing, this technology has revealed to be an interesting solution, since in addition to substantially reduce the mentioned contaminants, mostly iron, it combines the low cost of implementation with an reduced maintenance, and it can also be installed in recreation parks, providing habitats for plants and birds.

Cooperative framework for open real-time systems

Actualmente, os sistemas embebidos est��o presentes em toda a parte. Embora grande parte da popula����o que os utiliza n��o tenha a no����o da sua presen��a, na realidade, se repentinamente estes sistemas deixassem de existir, a sociedade iria sentir a sua falta. A sua utiliza����o massiva deve-se ao facto de estarem practicamente incorporados em quase os todos dispositivos electr��nicos de consumo, telecomunica����es, automa����o industrial e autom��vel. Influenciada por este crescimento, a comunidade cient��fica foi confrontada com novos problemas distribu��dos por v��rios dom��nios cient��ficos, dos quais s��o destacados a gest��o da qualidade de servi��o e gest��o de recursos - dom��nio encarregue de resolver problemas relacionados com a aloca����o ��ptima de recursos f��sicos, tais como rede, mem��ria e CPU. Existe na literatura um vasto conjunto de modelos que prop��em solu����es para v��rios problemas apresentados no contexto destes dom��nios cient��ficos. No entanto, n��o �� poss��vel encontrar modelos que lidem com a gest��o de recursos em ambientes de execu����o cooperativos e abertos com restri����es temporais utilizando coliga����es entre diferentes n��s, de forma a satisfazer os requisitos n��o funcionais das aplica����es. Devido ao facto de estes sistemas serem din��micos por natureza, apresentam a caracter��stica de n��o ser poss��vel conhecer, a priori, a quantidade de recursos necess��rios que uma aplica����o ir�� requerer do sistema no qual ir�� ser executada. Este conhecimento s�� �� adquirido aquando da execu����o da aplica����o. De modo a garantir uma gest��o eficiente dos recursos dispon��veis, em sistemas que apresentam um grande dinamismo na execu����o de tarefas com e sem restri����es temporais, �� necess��rio garantir dois aspectos fundamentais. O primeiro est�� relacionado com a obten����o de garantias na execu����o de tarefas de tempo-real. Estas devem sempre ser executadas dentro da janela temporal requirida. O segundo aspecto refere a necessidade de garantir que todos os recursos necess��rios �� execu����o das tarefas s��o fornecidos, com o objectivo de manter os n��veis de performance quer das aplica����es, quer do pr��prio sistema. Tendo em conta os dois aspectos acima mencionados, o projecto CooperatES foi especificado com o objectivo de permitir a dispositivos com poucos recursos uma execu����o colectiva de servi��os com os seus vizinhos, de modo a cumprir com as complexas restri����es de qualidade de servi��o impostas pelos utilizadores ou pelas aplica����es. Decorrendo no contexto do projecto CooperatES, o trabalho resultante desta tese tem como principal objectivo avaliar a practicabilidade dos conceitos principais propostos no ��mbito do projecto. O trabalho em causa implicou a escolha e an��lise de uma plataforma, a an��lise de requisitos, a implementa����o e avalia����o de uma framework que permite a execu����o cooperativa de aplica����es e servi��os que apresentem requisitos de qualidade de servi��o. Do trabalho desenvolvido resultaram as seguintes contribui����es: An��lise das plataformas de c��digo aberto que possam ser utilizadas na implementa����o dos conceitos relacionados com o projecto CooperatES; Crit��rios que influenciaram a escolha da plataforma Android e um estudo focado na an��lise da plataforma sob uma perspectiva de sistemas de tempo-real; Experi��ncias na implementa����o dos conceitos do projecto na plataforma Android; Avalia����o da practicabilidade dos conceitos propostos no projecto CooperatES; Proposta de extens��es que permitam incorporar caracter��sticas de sistemas de tempo real abertos na plataforma Android.

Code offloading on real-time multimedia systems: a framework for handling code mobility and code offloading in a QoS aware environment

Actualmente, os smartphones e outros dispositivos m��veis t��m vindo a ser dotados com cada vez maior poder computacional, sendo capazes de executar um vasto conjunto de aplica����es desde simples programas de para tirar notas at�� sofisticados programas de navega����o. Por��m, mesmo com a evolu����o do seu hardware, os actuais dispositivos m��veis ainda n��o possuem as mesmas capacidades que os computadores de mesa ou port��teis. Uma poss��vel solu����o para este problema �� distribuir a aplica����o, executando partes dela no dispositivo local e o resto em outros dispositivos ligados �� rede. Adicionalmente, alguns tipos de aplica����es como aplica����es multim��dia, jogos electr��nicos ou aplica����es de ambiente imersivos possuem requisitos em termos de Qualidade de Servi��o, particularmente de tempo real. Ao longo desta tese �� proposto um sistema de execu����o de c��digo remota para sistemas distribu��dos com restri����es de tempo-real. A arquitectura proposta adapta-se a sistemas que necessitem de executar periodicamente e em paralelo mesmo conjunto de fun����es com garantias de tempo real, mesmo desconhecendo os tempos de execu����o das referidas fun����es. A plataforma proposta foi desenvolvida para sistemas m��veis capazes de executar o Sistema Operativo Android.

Fuzzy Monte Carlo model for transmission power systems reliability based decision making

This thesis presents the Fuzzy Monte Carlo Model for Transmission Power Systems Reliability based studies (FMC-TRel) methodology, which is based on statistical failure and repair data of the transmission power system components and uses fuzzyprobabilistic modeling for system component outage parameters. Using statistical records allows developing the fuzzy membership functions of system component outage parameters. The proposed hybrid method of fuzzy set and Monte Carlo simulation based on the fuzzy-probabilistic models allows catching both randomness and fuzziness of component outage parameters. A network contingency analysis to identify any overloading or voltage violation in the network is performed once obtained the system states. This is followed by a remedial action algorithm, based on Optimal Power Flow, to reschedule generations and alleviate constraint violations and, at the same time, to avoid any load curtailment, if possible, or, otherwise, to minimize the total load curtailment, for the states identified by the contingency analysis. For the system states that cause load curtailment, an optimization approach is applied to reduce the probability of occurrence of these states while minimizing the costs to achieve that reduction. This methodology is of most importance for supporting the transmission system operator decision making, namely in the identification of critical components and in the planning of future investments in the transmission power system. A case study based on Reliability Test System (RTS) 1996 IEEE 24 Bus is presented to illustrate with detail the application of the proposed methodology.

Supporting intra-task parallelism in real-time multiprocessor systems

Os sistemas de tempo real modernos geram, cada vez mais, cargas computacionais pesadas e din��micas, come��ando-se a tornar pouco expect��vel que sejam implementados em sistemas uniprocessador. Na verdade, a mudan��a de sistemas com um ��nico processador para sistemas multi- processador pode ser vista, tanto no dom��nio geral, como no de sistemas embebidos, como uma forma eficiente, em termos energ��ticos, de melhorar a performance das aplica����es. Simultaneamente, a prolifera����o das plataformas multi-processador transformaram a programa����o paralela num t��pico de elevado interesse, levando o paralelismo din��mico a ganhar rapidamente popularidade como um modelo de programa����o. A ideia, por detr��s deste modelo, �� encorajar os programadores a exporem todas as oportunidades de paralelismo atrav��s da simples indica����o de potenciais regi��es paralelas dentro das aplica����es. Todas estas anota����es s��o encaradas pelo sistema unicamente como sugest��es, podendo estas serem ignoradas e substitu��das, por construtores sequenciais equivalentes, pela pr��pria linguagem. Assim, o modo como a computa����o �� na realidade subdividida, e mapeada nos v��rios processadores, �� da responsabilidade do compilador e do sistema computacional subjacente. Ao retirar este fardo do programador, a complexidade da programa����o �� consideravelmente reduzida, o que normalmente se traduz num aumento de produtividade. Todavia, se o mecanismo de escalonamento subjacente n��o for simples e r��pido, de modo a manter o overhead geral em n��veis reduzidos, os benef��cios da gera����o de um paralelismo com uma granularidade t��o fina ser��o meramente hipot��ticos. Nesta perspetiva de escalonamento, os algoritmos que empregam uma pol��tica de workstealing s��o cada vez mais populares, com uma efici��ncia comprovada em termos de tempo, espa��o e necessidades de comunica����o. Contudo, estes algoritmos n��o contemplam restri����es temporais, nem outra qualquer forma de atribui����o de prioridades ��s tarefas, o que impossibilita que sejam diretamente aplicados a sistemas de tempo real. Al��m disso, s��o tradicionalmente implementados no runtime da linguagem, criando assim um sistema de escalonamento com dois n��veis, onde a previsibilidade, essencial a um sistema de tempo real, n��o pode ser assegurada. Nesta tese, �� descrita a forma como a abordagem de work-stealing pode ser resenhada para cumprir os requisitos de tempo real, mantendo, ao mesmo tempo, os seus princ��pios fundamentais que t��o bons resultados t��m demonstrado. Muito resumidamente, a ��nica fila de gest��o de processos convencional (deque) �� substitu��da por uma fila de deques, ordenada de forma crescente por prioridade das tarefas. De seguida, aplicamos por cima o conhecido algoritmo de escalonamento din��mico G-EDF, misturamos as regras de ambos, e assim nasce a nossa proposta: o algoritmo de escalonamento RTWS. Tirando partido da modularidade oferecida pelo escalonador do Linux, o RTWS �� adicionado como uma nova classe de escalonamento, de forma a avaliar na pr��tica se o algoritmo proposto �� vi��vel, ou seja, se garante a efici��ncia e escalonabilidade desejadas. Modificar o n��cleo do Linux �� uma tarefa complicada, devido �� complexidade das suas fun����es internas e ��s fortes interdepend��ncias entre os v��rios subsistemas. N��o obstante, um dos objetivos desta tese era ter a certeza que o RTWS �� mais do que um conceito interessante. Assim, uma parte significativa deste documento �� dedicada �� discuss��o sobre a implementa����o do RTWS e �� exposi����o de situa����es problem��ticas, muitas delas n��o consideradas em teoria, como �� o caso do desfasamento entre v��rios mecanismo de sincroniza����o. Os resultados experimentais mostram que o RTWS, em compara����o com outro trabalho pr��tico de escalonamento din��mico de tarefas com restri����es temporais, reduz significativamente o overhead de escalonamento atrav��s de um controlo de migra����es, e mudan��as de contexto, eficiente e escal��vel (pelo menos at�� 8 CPUs), ao mesmo tempo que alcan��a um bom balanceamento din��mico da carga do sistema, at�� mesmo de uma forma n��o custosa. Contudo, durante a avalia����o realizada foi detetada uma falha na implementa����o do RTWS, pela forma como facilmente desiste de roubar trabalho, o que origina per��odos de inatividade, no CPU em quest��o, quando a utiliza����o geral do sistema �� baixa. Embora o trabalho realizado se tenha focado em manter o custo de escalonamento baixo e em alcan��ar boa localidade dos dados, a escalonabilidade do sistema nunca foi negligenciada. Na verdade, o algoritmo de escalonamento proposto provou ser bastante robusto, n��o falhando qualquer meta temporal nas experi��ncias realizadas. Portanto, podemos afirmar que alguma invers��o de prioridades, causada pela sub-pol��tica de roubo BAS, n��o compromete os objetivos de escalonabilidade, e at�� ajuda a reduzir a conten����o nas estruturas de dados. Mesmo assim, o RTWS tamb��m suporta uma sub-pol��tica de roubo determin��stica: PAS. A avalia����o experimental, por��m, n��o ajudou a ter uma no����o clara do impacto de uma e de outra. No entanto, de uma maneira geral, podemos concluir que o RTWS �� uma solu����o promissora para um escalonamento eficiente de tarefas paralelas com restri����es temporais.

Three-dimensional modeling of tongue during speech using MRI data

The tongue is the most important and dynamic articulator for speech formation, because of its anatomic aspects (particularly, the large volume of this muscular organ comparatively to the surrounding organs of the vocal tract) and also due to the wide range of movements and flexibility that are involved. In speech communication research, a variety of techniques have been used for measuring the three-dimensional vocal tract shapes. More recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) becomes common; mainly, because this technique allows the collection of a set of static and dynamic images that can represent the entire vocal tract along any orientation. Over the years, different anatomical organs of the vocal tract have been modelled; namely, 2D and 3D tongue models, using parametric or statistical modelling procedures. Our aims are to present and describe some 3D reconstructed models from MRI data, for one subject uttering sustained articulations of some typical Portuguese sounds. Thus, we present a 3D database of the tongue obtained by stack combinations with the subject articulating Portuguese vowels. This 3D knowledge of the speech organs could be very important; especially, for clinical purposes (for example, for the assessment of articulatory impairments followed by tongue surgery in speech rehabilitation), and also for a better understanding of acoustic theory in speech formation.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the vocal tract: techniques and applications

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been used to analyse and evaluate the vocal tract shape through different techniques and with promising results in several fields. Our purpose is to demonstrate the relevance of MR and image processing for the vocal tract study. The extraction of contours of the air cavities allowed the set - up of a number of 3D reconstruction image stacks by means of the combination of orthogonally oriented sets of slices for e ach articulatory gesture, as a new approach to solve the expected spatial under sampling of the imaging process. In result these models give improved information for the visualization of morphologic and anatomical aspects and are useful for partial measure ments of the vocal tract shape in different situations. Potential use can be found in Medical and therapeutic applications as well as in acoustic articulatory speech modelling.

Analysis of tongue shape and motion in speech production using statistical modeling

The mechanisms of speech production are complex and have been raising attention from researchers of both medical and computer vision fields. In the speech production mechanism, the articulator���s study is a complex issue, since they have a high level of freedom along this process, namely the tongue, which instigates a problem in its control and observation. In this work it is automatically characterized the tongues shape during the articulation of the oral vowels of Portuguese European by using statistical modeling on MR-images. A point distribution model is built from a set of images collected during artificially sustained articulations of Portuguese European sounds, which can extract the main characteristics of the motion of the tongue. The model built in this work allows under standing more clearly the dynamic speech events involved during sustained articulations. The tongue shape model built can also be useful for speech rehabilitation purposes, specifically to recognize the compensatory movements of the articulators during speech production.

Copper, nickel and zinc removal by peanut hulls: batch and column studies in mono, tri-component systems and with real effluent

The main goal of this research study was the removal of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions using peanut hulls. This work was mainly focused on the following aspects: chemical characterization of the biosorbent, kinetic studies, study of the pH influence in mono-component systems, equilibrium isotherms and column studies, both in mono and tri-component systems, and with a real industrial effluent from the electroplating industry. The chemical characterization of peanut hulls showed a high cellulose (44.8%) and lignin (36.1%) content, which favours biosorption of metal cations. The kinetic studies performed indicate that most of the sorption occurs in the first 30 min for all systems. In general, a pseudo-second order kinetics was followed, both in mono and tri-component systems. The equilibrium isotherms were better described by Freundlich model in all systems. Peanut hulls showed higher affinity for copper than for nickel and zinc when they are both present. The pH value between 5 and 6 was the most favourable for all systems. The sorbent capacity in column was 0.028 and 0.025 mmol g-1 for copper, respectively in mono and tri-component systems. A decrease of capacity for copper (50%) was observed when dealing with the real effluent. The Yoon-Nelson, Thomas and Yan���s models were fitted to the experimental data, being the latter the best fit.

Chlormequat selective electrodes: construction, evaluation and application at FIA systems

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system having a chlormequat selective electrode is proposed. Several electrodes with poly(vinyl chloride) based membranes were constructed for this purpose. Comparative characterization suggestedthe use of membrane with chlormequat tetraphenylborate and dibutylphthalate. On a single-line FIA set-up, operating with 1x10-2 mol L-1 ionic strength and 6.3 pH, calibration curves presented slopes of 53.6��0.4mV decade-1 within 5.0x10-6 and1.0x10-3 mol L-1, andsquaredcorrelation coefficients >0.9953. The detection limit was 2.2x10-6 mol L-1 and the repeatability equal to ��0.68mV (0.7%). A dual-channel FIA manifold was therefore constructed, enabling automatic attainment of previous ionic strength andpH conditions and thus eliminating sample preparation steps. Slopes of 45.5��0.2mV decade -1 along a concentration range of 8.0x10-6 to 1.0x10-3 mol L-1 with a repeatability ��0.4mV (0.69%) were obtained. Analyses of real samples were performed, and recovery gave results ranging from 96.6 to 101.1%.

Groundwater from infiltration galleries used for small public water supply systems: contamination with pesticides and endocrine disruptors

Infiltration galleries are among the oldest known means used for small public water fountains. Owing to its ancestral origin they are usually associated with high quality water. Thirty-one compounds, including pesticides and estrogens from different chemical families, were analysed in waters from infiltration galleries collected in Alto Douro Demarcated Wine region (North of Portugal). A total of twelve compounds were detected in the water samples. Nine of these compounds are described as presenting evidence or potential evidence of interfering with the hormone system of humans and wildlife. Although concentrations of the target analytes were relatively low, many of them below their limit of quantification, four compounds were above quantification limit and two of them even above the legal limit of 0.1 lg/L: dimethoate (30.38 ng/L), folpet (64.35 ng/L), terbuthylazine-desethyl (22.28 to 292.36 ng/L) and terbuthylazine (22.49 to 369.33 ng/L).

Phonological and articulation treatment approaches in Portuguese children with speech and language impairments: a randomized controlled intervention study

Background: In Portugal, the routine clinical practice of speech and language therapists (SLTs) in treating children with all types of speech sound disorder (SSD) continues to be articulation therapy (AT). There is limited use of phonological therapy (PT) or phonological awareness training in Portugal. Additionally, at an international level there is a focus on collecting information on and differentiating between the effectiveness of PT and AT for children with different types of phonologically based SSD, as well as on the role of phonological awareness in remediating SSD. It is important to collect more evidence for the most effective and efficient type of intervention approach for different SSDs and for these data to be collected from diverse linguistic and cultural perspectives. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of a PT and AT approach for treatment of 14 Portuguese children, aged 4.0���6.7 years, with a phonologically based SSD. Methods & Procedures: The children were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment approaches (seven children in each group). All children were treated by the same SLT, blind to the aims of the study, over three blocks of a total of 25 weekly sessions of intervention. Outcome measures of phonological ability (percentage of consonants correct (PCC), percentage occurrence of different phonological processes and phonetic inventory) were taken before and after intervention. A qualitative assessment of intervention effectiveness from the perspective of the parents of participants was included. Outcomes & Results: Both treatments were effective in improving the participants��� speech, with the children receiving PT showing a more significant improvement in PCC score than those receiving the AT. Children in the PT group also showed greater generalization to untreated words than those receiving AT. Parents reported both intervention approaches to be as effective in improving their children���s speech. Conclusions & Implications: The PT (combination of expressive phonological tasks, phonological awareness, listening and discrimination activities) proved to be an effective integrated method of improving phonological SSD in children. These findings provide some evidence for Portuguese SLTs to employ PT with children with phonologically based SSD

Differences in Mismatch Negativity (MMN) response to Pure-tone and Speech sounds in normal subjects: an additional explanation

The relation of automatic auditory discrimination, measured with MMN, with the type of stimuli has not been well established in the literature, despite its importance as an electrophysiological measure of central sound representation. In this study, MMN response was elicited by pure-tone and speech binaurally passive auditory oddball paradigm in a group of 8 normal young adult subjects at the same intensity level (75 dB SPL). The frequency difference in pure-tone oddball was 100 Hz (standard = 1 000 Hz; deviant = 1 100 Hz; same duration = 100 ms), in speech oddball (standard /ba/; deviant /pa/; same duration = 175 ms) the Portuguese phonemes are both plosive bi-labial in order to maintain a narrow frequency band. Differences were found across electrode location between speech and pure-tone stimuli. Larger MMN amplitude, duration and higher latency to speech were verified compared to pure-tone in Cz and Fz as well as significance differences in latency and amplitude between mastoids. Results suggest that speech may be processed differently than non-speech; also it may occur in a later stage due to overlapping processes since more neural resources are required to speech processing.

Supporting learning through tagging systems

With the advent of Web 2.0, new kinds of tools became available, which are not seen as novel anymore but are widely used. For instance, according to Eurostat data, in 2010 32% of individuals aged 16 to 74 used the Internet to post messages to social media sites or instant messaging tools, ranging from 17% in Romania to 46% in Sweden (Eurostat, 2012). Web 2.0 applications have been used in technology-enhanced learning environments. Learning 2.0 is a concept that has been used to describe the use of social media for learning. Many Learning 2.0 initiatives have been launched by educational and training institutions in Europe. Web 2.0 applications have also been used for informal learning. Web 2.0 tools can be used in classrooms, virtual or not, not only to engage students but also to support collaborative activities. Many of these tools allow users to use tags to organize resources and facilitate their retrieval at a later date or time. The aim of this chapter is to describe how tagging has been used in systems that support formal or informal learning and to summarize the functionalities that are common to these systems. In addition, common and unusual tagging applications that have been used in some Learning Objects Repositories are analysed.