Transgenerational Inheritance of Paternal Neurobehavioral Phenotypes: Stress, Addiction, Ageing and Metabolism

Epigenetic modulation is found to get involved in multiple neurobehavioral processes. It is believed that different types of environmental stimuli could alter the epigenome of the whole brain or related neural circuits, subsequently contributing to the long-lasting neural plasticity of certain behavioral phenotypes. While the maternal influence on the health of offsprings has been long recognized, recent findings highlight an alternative way for neurobehavioral phenotypes to be passed on to the next generation, i.e., through the male germ line. In this review, we focus specifically on the transgenerational modulation induced by environmental stress, drugs of abuse, and other physical or mental changes (e.g., ageing, metabolism, fear) in fathers, and recapitulate the underlying mechanisms potentially mediating the alterations in epigenome or gene expression of offsprings. Together, these findings suggest that the inheritance of phenotypic traits through male germ-line epigenome may represent the unique manner of adaptation during evolution. Hence, more attention should be paid to the paternal health, given its equivalently important role in affecting neurobehaviors of descendants.

Use of a fluorescence-based approach to assess short-term responses of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to metal stress

This work explores the use of fluorescent probes to evaluate the responses of the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to the action of three nominal concentrations of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Zn(II) for a short time (6 h). The toxic effect of the metals on algal cells was monitored using the fluorochromes SYTOX Green (SG, membrane integrity), fluorescein diacetate (FDA, esterase activity) and rhodamine 123 (Rh123, mitochondrial membrane potential). The impact of metals on chlorophyll a (Chl a) autofluorescence was also evaluated. Esterase activity was the most sensitive parameter. At the concentrations studied, all metals induced the loss of esterase activity. SG could be used to effectively detect the loss of membrane integrity in algal cells exposed to 0.32 or 1.3 μmol L−1 Cu(II). Rh123 revealed a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential of algal cells exposed to 0.32 and 1.3 μmol L−1 Cu(II), indicating that mitochondrial activity was compromised. Chl a autofluorescence was also affected by the presence of Cr(VI) and Cu(II), suggesting perturbation of photosynthesis. In conclusion, the fluorescence-based approach was useful for detecting the disturbance of specific cellular characteristics. Fluorescent probes are a useful diagnostic tool for the assessment of the impact of toxicants on specific targets of P. subcapitata algal cells.

Responses of the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to long-term exposure to metal stress

The green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata has been widely used in ecological risk assessment, usually based on the impact of the toxicants in the alga growth. However, the physiological causes that lead algal growth inhibition are not completely understood. This work aimed to evaluate the biochemical and structural modifications in P. subcapitata after exposure, for 72 h, to three nominal concentrations of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Zn(II), corresponding approximately to 72 h-EC10 and 72 h-EC50 values and a high concentration (above 72 h-EC90 values). The incubation of algal cells with the highest concentration of Cd(II), Cr(VI) or Cu(II) resulted in a loss of membrane integrity of ~16, 38 and 55%, respectively. For all metals tested, an inhibition of esterase activity, in a dose-dependent manner, was observed. Reduction of chlorophyll a content, decrease of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II and modification of mitochondrial membrane potential was also verified. In conclusion, the exposure of P. subcapitata to metals resulted in a perturbation of the cell physiological status. Principal component analysis revealed that the impairment of esterase activity combined with the reduction of chlorophyll a content were related with the inhibition of growth caused by a prolonged exposure to the heavy metals.

Estudo da resistência e mecanismos de dano em juntas adesivas entre materiais compósitos com defeitos de adesão

A necessidade de utilizar métodos de ligação entre componentes de forma mais rápida, eficaz e com melhores resultados tem causado a crescente utilização das juntas adesivas, em detrimento dos métodos tradicionais de ligação. A utilização das juntas adesivas tem vindo a aumentar em diversas aplicações industriais por estas apresentarem vantagens, das quais se destacam a redução de peso, redução de concentrações de tensões e facilidade de fabrico. No entanto, uma das limitações das juntas adesivas é a dificuldade em prever a resistência da junta após fabrico e durante a sua vida útil devido à presença de defeitos no adesivo. Os defeitos são normalmente gerados pela preparação inadequada das juntas ou degradação do adesivo devido ao ambiente (por exemplo, humidade), reduzindo a qualidade da ligação e influenciando a resistência da junta. Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo experimental e numérico de juntas de sobreposição simples (JSS) com a inclusão de defeitos centrados na camada de adesivo para comprimentos de sobreposição (LO) diferentes. Os adesivos utilizados foram o Araldite® AV138, apresentado como sendo frágil, e o adesivo Sikaforce® 7752, intitulado como adesivo dúctil. A parte experimental consistiu no ensaio à tração das diferentes JSS permitindo a obtenção das curvas força-deslocamento (P-δ). A análise numérica por modelos de dano coesivo (MDC) foi realizada para analisar as tensões de arrancamento ((σy) e as tensões de corte (τxy) na camada adesiva, para estudar a variável de dano do MDC durante o processo de rotura e para avaliar a capacidade dos MDC na previsão da resistência da junta. Constatou-se um efeito significativo dos defeitos de diferentes dimensões na resistência das juntas, que também depende do tipo de adesivo utilizado e do valor de LO. Os modelos numéricos permitiram a descrição detalhada do comportamento das juntas e previsão de resistência, embora para o adesivo dúctil a utilização de uma lei coesiva triangular tenha provocado alguma discrepância relativamente aos resultados experimentais.