Design of experiments applied to the mix design process of polymer mortar materials modified with GFRP recyclates

In this work, the effect of incorporation of recycled glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) waste materials, obtained by means of shredding and milling processes, on mechanical behavior of polyester polymer mortar (PM) materials was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of GFRP recyclates (between 4% up to 12% in mass), were incorporated into polyester PM materials as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of silane coupling agent addition to resin binder was also evaluated. Applied waste material was proceeding from the shredding of the leftovers resultant from the cutting and assembly processes of GFRP pultrusion profiles. Currently, these leftovers, jointly with unfinished products and scrap resulting from pultrusion manufacturing process, are landfilled, with supplementary added costs. Thus, besides the evident environmental benefits, a viable and feasible solution for these wastes would also conduct to significant economic advantages. Design of experiments and data treatment were accomplish by means of full factorial design approach and analysis of variance ANOVA. Experimental results were promising toward the recyclability of GFRP waste materials as aggregates and reinforcement for PM materials, with significant improvements on mechanical properties with regard to non-modified formulations.

Optimization of the Pultrusion process

Manufacturing processes need permanently to innovate and optimize because any can be susceptible to continuous improvement. Innovation and commitment to the development of these new solutions resulting from existing expertise and the continuing need to increase productivity, flexibility and ensuring the necessary quality of the manufactured products. To increase flexibility, it is necessary to significantly reduce set-up times and lead time in order to ensure the delivery of products ever faster. This objective can be achieved through a normalization of the pultrusion line elements. Implicitly, there is an increase of productivity by this way. This work is intended to optimize the pultrusion process of structural profiles. We consider all elements of the system from the storehouse of the fibers (rack) to the pultrusion die. Particular attention was devoted to (a) the guidance system of the fibers and webs, (b) the resin container where the fibers are impregnated, (c) standard plates positioning of the fibers towards the entrance to the spinneret and also (d) reviewed the whole process of assembling and fixing the die as well as its the heating system. With the implementation of these new systems was achieved a significant saving of time set-up and were clearly reduced the unit costs of production. Quality assurance was also increased.

Optimizing the embedded heaters position in the pultrusion process using finite element analysis

This study is based on a previous experimental work in which embedded cylindrical heaters were applied to a pultrusion machine die, and resultant energetic performance compared with that achieved with the former heating system based on planar resistances. The previous work allowed to conclude that the use of embedded resistances enhances significantly the energetic performance of pultrusion process, leading to 57% decrease of energy consumption. However, the aforementioned study was developed with basis on an existing pultrusion die, which only allowed a single relative position for the heaters. In the present work, new relative positions for the heaters were investigated in order to optimize heat distribution process and energy consumption. Finite Elements Analysis was applied as an efficient tool to identify the best relative position of the heaters into the die, taking into account the usual parameters involved in the process and the control system already tested in the previous study. The analysis was firstly developed with basis on eight cylindrical heaters located in four different location plans. In a second phase, in order to refine the results, a new approach was adopted using sixteen heaters with the same total power. Final results allow to conclude that the correct positioning of the heaters can contribute to about 10% of energy consumption reduction, decreasing the production costs and leading to a better eco-efficiency of pultrusion process.

Optimization of antioxidants extraction from coffee silverskin, aroasting by-product, having in view a sustainable process

Coffee silverskin is a major roasting by-product that could be valued as a source of antioxidant compounds. The effect of the major variables (solvent polarity, temperature and extraction time) affecting the extraction yields of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of silverskin extracts was evaluated. The extracts composition varied significantly with the extraction conditions used. A factorial experimental design showed that the use of a hydroalcoholic solvent (50%:50%) at 40 °C for 60 min is a sustainable option to maximize the extraction yield of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of extracts. Using this set of conditions it was possible to obtain extracts containing total phenolics (302.5 ± 7.1 mg GAE/L), tannins (0.43 ± 0.06 mg TAE/L), and flavonoids (83.0 ± 1.4 mg ECE/L), exhibiting DPPHradical dot scavenging activity (326.0 ± 5.7 mg TE/L) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (1791.9 ± 126.3 mg SFE/L). These conditions allowed, in comparison with other “more effective” for some individual parameters, a cost reduction, saving time and energy.

Sustainability and economic evaluation of microalgae grown in brewery wastewater

This article evaluates the sustainability and economic potential of microalgae grown in brewery wastewater for biodiesel and biomass production. Three sustainability and two economic indicators were considered in the evaluation within a life cycle perspective. For the production system the most efficient process units were selected. Results show that harvesting and oil separation are the main process bottlenecks. Microalgae with higher lipid content and productivity are desirable for biodiesel production, although comparable to other biofuel’s feedstock concerning sustainability. However, improvements are still needed to reach the performance level of fossil diesel. Profitability reaches a limit for larger cultivation areas, being higher when extracted biomass is sold together with microalgae oil, in which case the influence of lipid content and areal productivity is smaller. The values of oil and/or biomass prices calculated to ensure that the process is economically sound are still very high compared with other fuel options, especially biodiesel.

Analysis of diffusion process in fractured reservoirs using fractional derivative approach

The fractal geometry is used to model of a naturally fractured reservoir and the concept of fractional derivative is applied to the diffusion equation to incorporate the history of fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs. The resulting fractally fractional diffusion (FFD) equation is solved analytically in the Laplace space for three outer boundary conditions. The analytical solutions are used to analyze the response of a naturally fractured reservoir considering the anomalous behavior of oil production. Several synthetic examples are provided to illustrate the methodology proposed in this work and to explain the diffusion process in fractally fractured systems.

Optimal scheduling of aircrafts’ engines repair process

We address a real world scheduling problem concerning the repair process of aircrafts’ engines by TAP - Maintenance & Engineering (TAP-ME). TAP-ME is the maintenance, repair and overhaul organization of TAP Portugal, Portugal’s leading airline, which employs about 4000 persons to provide maintenance and engineering services in aircraft, engines and components. TAP-ME is aiming to optimize its maintenance services, focusing on the reduction of the engines repair turnaround time.

Scheduling aircraft’s engines repair process: a mathematical model

In this talk, we discuss a scheduling problem that originated at TAP - Maintenance & Engineering - the maintenance, repair and overhaul organization of Portugal’s leading airline. In the repair process of aircrafts’ engines, the operations to be scheduled may be executed on a certain workstation by any processor of a given set, and the objective is to minimize the total weighted tardiness. A mixed integer linear programming formulation, based on the flexible job shop scheduling, is presented here, along with computational experiment on a real instance, provided by TAP-ME, from a regular working week. The model was also tested using benchmarking instances available in literature.

Sustainability Improvement of a composite materials’ industry through recycling and re-engineering process approaches

Recent Advances in Mechanics and Materials in Design

A comparison between thin film solar cells made from co-evaporated CuIn1-xGaxSe2using a one-stage process versus a three-stage process

Until this day, the most efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells have been prepared using a rather complex growth process often referred to as three-stage or multistage. This family of processes is mainly characterized by a first step deposited with only In, Ga and Se flux to form a first layer. Cu is added in a second step until the film becomes slightly Cu-rich, where-after the film is converted to its final Cu-poor composition by a third stage, again with no or very little addition of Cu. In this paper, a comparison between solar cells prepared with the three-stage process and a one-stage/in-line process with the same composition, thickness, and solar cell stack is made. The one-stage process is easier to be used in an industrial scale and do not have Cu-rich transitions. The samples were analyzed using glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, current–voltage-temperature, capacitance-voltage, external quantum efficiency, transmission/reflection, and photoluminescence. It was concluded that in spite of differences in the texturing, morphology and Ga gradient, the electrical performance of the two types of samples is quite similar as demonstrated by the similar J–V behavior, quantum spectral response, and the estimated recombination losses.

A tradução de texto filosófico

A tradução tem sido tendenciosamente categorizada em dois grupos: a tradução de texto técnico e a tradução de texto literário. Contudo um determinado tipo de texto vem questionar essa separação sistemática: o texto filosófico. Apresentando tanto características de texto literário, devido ao seu estilo discursivo, como características de texto técnico, com uma forte presença de vocabulário técnico e específico, o texto filosófico apresenta-se como um híbrido entre texto literário e texto técnico. O que torna, portanto, este texto diferente das tipologias de tradução geralmente identificadas? Quais serão as implicações da tradução de um texto desse cariz? Quais serão os processos e metodologias subjacentes a essa tradução? A tradução para francês da obra Filosofia do Ritmo Portuguesa de Rodrigo Sobral Cunha, realizada no âmbito de um estágio na Editora e Livraria Portuguesa e Galega Orfeu, teve como principal objectivo responder a todas essas perguntas. Com base numa breve incursão teórica relativa ao texto filosófico, às suas características, à forma como diverge da separação clássica de texto técnico ou literário, sendo uma junção de ambos, e às implicações que essas características têm no processo de tradução, a tradução da obra de Rodrigo Sobral Cunha, em si, permitiu destacar uns processos e metodologias de tradução e de resolução de problemas ligados à mesma, adaptados à especificidade deste tipo de texto.

Análise da atual unidade de desasfaltação pelo Propano para o tratamento de crudes não parafínicos

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo o estudo da simulação da unidade de destilação atmosférica e a vácuo da fábrica de óleos base da Petrogal, permitindo verificar que, uma vez conseguido um modelo num programa de simulação que traduz o comportamento real de um dado processo, é possível sem riscos operacionais avaliar o efeito da alteração das condições normais de funcionamento desse processo. O trabalho foi orientado pelo Eng.º Carlos Reis, no que diz respeito à empresa, e pelo Prof. Dr. Luís Silva, pelo ISEP. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, sendo a primeira direcionada à obtenção do novo crude a partir de dois crudes pesados e caracterização dessa mistura. Já a segunda parte reside na refinação deste novo crude através da plataforma Aspen Plus para obtenção do resíduo de vácuo, para posterior processamento na coluna de discos rotativos usando um método de separação por extração liquido-liquido. Estudaram-se as propriedades físicas dos fluidos e verificou-se que na destilação atmosférica as curvas de destilação encontram-se muito próximas comparativamente com os resultados obtidos pela empresa, enquanto na destilação a vácuo os valores encontram-se mais afastados, apresentando uma variação de 30ºC a 100ºC em relação aos valores obtidos pelo Petro-Sim. Com a finalidade de cumprir um dos objetivos em falta, irão ser realizadas futuramente simulações no extrator de discos rotativos para otimização do processo para crudes pesados, sendo os resultados facultados, posteriormente, à Petrogal. Durante a realização do trabalho foi atingido um modelo real representativo da unidade de destilação atmosférica e a vácuo da Petrogal, podendo obter-se resultados para qualquer tipo de crude, fazendo apenas variar o assay da corrente de alimentação.