Intra-Task Device Scheduling for Real-Time Embedded Systems

An ever increasing need for extra functionality in a single embedded system demands for extra Input/Output (I/O) devices, which are usually connected externally and are expensive in terms of energy consumption. To reduce their energy consumption, these devices are equipped with power saving mechanisms. While I/O device scheduling for real-time (RT) systems with such power saving features has been studied in the past, the use of energy resources by these scheduling algorithms may be improved. Technology enhancements in the semiconductor industry have allowed the hardware vendors to reduce the device transition and energy overheads. The decrease in overhead of sleep transitions has opened new opportunities to further reduce the device energy consumption. In this research effort, we propose an intra-task device scheduling algorithm for real-time systems that wakes up a device on demand and reduces its active time while ensuring system schedulability. This intra-task device scheduling algorithm is extended for devices with multiple sleep states to further minimise the overall device energy consumption of the system. The proposed algorithms have less complexity when compared to the conservative inter-task device scheduling algorithms. The system model used relaxes some of the assumptions commonly made in the state-of-the-art that restrict their practical relevance. Apart from the aforementioned advantages, the proposed algorithms are shown to demonstrate the substantial energy savings.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Associated with Abdominal Microcurrent: A Preliminary Study

Objective: To analyze the short- and long-term effects of microcurrent used with aerobic exercise on abdominal fat (visceral and subcutaneous). Methods: Forty-two female students from a university population were randomly assigned into five group: intervention group (IG) 1 (n=9), IG2 (n=9), IG3 (n=7), IG4 (n=8), and placebo group (PG) (n=9). An intervention program of 10 sessions encompassing microcurrent and aerobic exercise (performed with a cycloergometer) was applied in all groups, with slightly differences between them. In IG1 and IG2, microcurrent with transcutaneous electrodes was applied, with different frequency values; 30-minute exercise on the cycloergometer was subsequently performed. IG3 used the same protocol as IG1 but with different electrodes (percutaneous), while in IG4 the microcurrent was applied simultaneously with the cycloergometer exercise. Finally, the PG used the IG1 protocol but with the microcurrent device switched off. All groups were evaluated through ultrasound and abdominal perimeter measurement for visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat assessment; through calipers for skinfolds measurement; through bioimpedance to evaluate weight, fat mass percentage, and muscular mass; and through blood analyses to measure cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Results: After intervention sessions, visceral fat decreased significantly in IG1 compared with the PG. Subcutaneous fat was reduced significantly in all groups compared with the PG. After 4 weeks, almost all results were maintained. Conclusion: The addition of microcurrent to aerobic exercise may reduce fat more than does aerobic exercise alone.

Effects of microcurrents and physical exercise on the abdominal fat in patients with coronary artery disease

Introduction Coronary artery disease is associated with decreased levels of physical activity, contributing to increases in abdominal fat and consequently increasing metabolic risk. The innovative use of microcurrents may be an effective method to increase the lipolytic rate of abdominal adipocytes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of utilizing microcurrents in a home-based exercise program in subjects with coronary artery disease to assess changes in total, subcutaneous and visceral abdominal adipose tissue. Methods This controlled trial included 44 subjects with myocardial infarction, randomly divided into Intervention Group 1 (IG1; n = 16), Intervention Group 2 (IG2; n = 12) and Control Group (CG; n = 16). IG1 performed a specific exercise program at home during 8 weeks, and IG2 additionally used microcurrents on the abdominal region before the exercise program. All groups were given health education sessions. Computed tomography was used to evaluate abdominal, subcutaneous and visceral fat, accelerometers to measure habitual physical activity and the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for dietary intake. Results After 8 weeks, IG2 showed a significantly decrease in subcutaneous fat (p ≤ 0.05) when compared to CG. Concerning visceral fat, both intervention groups showed a significant decrease in comparison to the CG (p ≤ 0.05). No significant changes were found between groups on dietary intake and habitual physical activity, except for sedentary activity that decreased significantly for IG2 in comparison with CG (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion This specific home-based exercise program using microcurrent therapy for individuals with coronary artery disease showed improvements in visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat.

Influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and parental lifestyle on adolescents' abdominal obesity

The aims of this study were (1) to analyse the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and parental overweight status (POS) and socioeconomic status (SES) on abdominal obesity. This study was comprised of 779 adolescents (12-18 years). Waist-height ratio (WHtR), 20 m shuttle-run test to ascertain CRF, POS according to World Health Organization recommendations and SES of parents using level of education were analysed. Using WHtR, the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 21.3% (23.5% girls and 17.9% boys; p = 0.062). Regardless of gender, participants who belonged to the WHtR risk group had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower CRF scores than the WHtR non-risk group; 84.4% of girls who belonged to the WHtR risk group had one or two overweight parents (p ≤ 0.05). Boys with low CRF (OR: 6.43; CI: 3.33-12.39) were more likely to belong to the WHtR risk group compared with their lean peers. Girls with low CRF (OR: 1.78; CI: 1.14-2.78) and with at least one overweight parent (OR: 2.50; CI: 1.07-5.85) or two overweight parents (OR: 4.90; CI: 2.08-11.54) were associated with the risk of abdominal obesity. This study highlights the influence of adolescents' family on abdominal obesity, especially in girls. Further, the data suggested that low CRF was a strong predictor of risk values of abdominal obesity in adolescence.

Influência da atividade muscular abdominal na velocidade do oi tsuki

Introdução: No karaté a região lombo pélvica é importante, pois permite dar estabilidade e potenciar a força produzida na aplicação de técnicas de karaté. Apesar disso, nenhum estudo estuda a influência da atividade muscular abdominal na velocidade de aplicação de técnicas. Existem diversos estudos sobre o karaté mas nenhum deles foca a importância da atividade muscular abdominal. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se o timing e a magnitude de ativação dos músculos abdominais influenciam a velocidade aplicada na técnica de karaté oi tsuki. Metodologia: Estudo transversal analítico com 7 praticantes de karaté do sexo masculino com graduação de 3º kyu (1º nível de cinturão castanho) ou superior. Foi avaliado o timing e a magnitude de ativação muscular abdominal com eletromiografia de superfície e a velocidade de movimento com sistema Qualisys, durante a execução do oi tsuki. Para dados estatísticos realizou-se o teste de spearman (nível de significância de 0,05) para testar correlação entre timing e a velocidade e entre magnitude de ativação e a velocidade, recorrendo ao coeficiente de determinação para verificar o grau de correlação. Para verificar diferenças bilaterais entre os timings e a magnitude de ativação dos músculos abdominais realizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon (nível de significância de 0,05). Resultados: Foi observada uma relação estatisticamente significativa (p< 0,05) entre o timing de ativação dos músculos transversos/oblíquos internos abdominais e do oblíquo externo contra lateral com a velocidade média do oi tsuki. Os timings de ativação dos músculos retos abdominais e oblíquo externo ipsilateral não revelaram valores de significância (p> 0,05) que possibilitem afirmar que existe relação entre esses timings e a velocidade média do oi tsuki. Não existem valores estatisticamente significativos (p> 0,05) para afirmar que existe relação entre a magnitude de ativação dos músculos abdominais e a velocidade média do oi tsuki. A velocidade máxima do movimento não foi afetada nem pelos timings de ativação dos músculos do abdómen, nem pelas suas magnitudes de ativação. Apenas o timing entre os músculos Transversos/oblíquos internos contra lateral e ipsilateral revelou diferenças. Conclusão: O tronco evidencia ser importante para a prática do karaté, não só pela melhoria da performance, mas também pela melhoria de estabilidade e consequente técnica. Apresenta uma aparente melhoria na velocidade inicial da técnica, podendo afetar positivamente a performance. Para além da performance, contribui para a segurança das estruturas lombo pélvicas, promovendo um menor risco de lesão.