The Port as a “Non Consensual” Organisation: An IC Management Perspective

This paper addresses a gap in the literature concerning the management of Intellectual Capital (IC) in a port, which is a network of independent organizations that act together in the provision of a set of services. As far as the authors are aware, this type of empirical context has been unexplored when regarding knowledge management or IC creation/destruction. Indeed, most research in IC still focus on individual firms, despite the more recent interest placed on the analysis of macro-level units such as regions or nations. In this study, we conceptualise the port as meta-organisation, which has the generic goal of economic development, both for itself and for the region where it is located. It provides us with a unique environment due to its complexity as an “organisation” composed by several organisations, connected by interdependency relationships and, typically, with no formal hierarchy. Accordingly, actors’ interests are not always aligned and in some situations their individual interests can be misaligned with the collective goals of the port. Moreover, besides having their own interests, port actors also have different sources of influence and different levels of power, which can impact on the port’s Collective Intellectual Capital (CIC). Consequently, the management of the port’s CIC can be crucial in order for its goals to be met. With this paper we intend to discuss how the network coordinator (the port authority) manages those complex relations of interest and power in order to develop collaboration and mitigate conflict, thus creating collective intellectual assets or avoiding intellectual liabilities that may emerge for the whole port. The fact that we are studying complex and dynamic processes, about which there is a lack of understanding, in a complex and atypical organisation, leads us to consider the case study as an appropriate method of research. Evidence presented in this study results from preliminary interviews and also from document analysis. Findings suggest that alignment of interests and actions, at both dyadic and networking levels, is critical to develop a context of collaboration/cooperation within the port community and, accordingly, the port coordinator should make use of different types of power in order to ensure that port’s goals are achieved.

O papel dos sistemas de Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring para a eficiência energética do setor residencial

A sustentabilidade energética do planeta é uma preocupação corrente e, neste sentido, a eficiência energética afigura-se como sendo essencial para a redução do consumo em todos os setores de atividade. No que diz respeito ao setor residencial, o indevido comportamento dos utilizadores aliado ao desconhecimento do consumo dos diversos aparelhos, são factores impeditivos para a redução do consumo energético. Uma ferramenta importante, neste sentido, é a monitorização de consumos nomeadamente a monitorização não intrusiva, que apresenta vantagens económicas relativamente à monitorização intrusiva, embora levante alguns desafios na desagregação de cargas. Abordou-se então, neste documento, a temática da monitorização não intrusiva onde se desenvolveu uma ferramenta de desagregação de cargas residenciais, sobretudo de aparelhos que apresentavam elevados consumos. Para isso, monitorizaram-se os consumos agregados de energia elétrica, água e gás de seis habitações do município de Vila Nova de Gaia. Através da incorporação dos vetores de água e gás, a acrescentar ao da energia elétrica, provou-se que a performance do algoritmo de desagregação de aparelhos poderá aumentar, no caso de aparelhos que utilizem simultaneamente energia elétrica e água ou energia elétrica e gás. A eficiência energética é também parte constituinte deste trabalho e, para tal, implementaram-se medidas de eficiência energética para uma das habitações em estudo, de forma a concluir as que exibiam maior potencial de poupança, assim como rápidos períodos de retorno de investimento. De um modo geral, os objetivos propostos foram alcançados e espera-se que num futuro próximo, a monitorização de consumos não intrusiva se apresente como uma solução de referência no que respeita à sustentabilidade energética do setor residencial.

Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks Training Through Charged System Search and its Application for Non-Technical Losses Detection

The non-technical loss is not a problem with trivial solution or regional character and its minimization represents the guarantee of investments in product quality and maintenance of power systems, introduced by a competitive environment after the period of privatization in the national scene. In this paper, we show how to improve the training phase of a neural network-based classifier using a recently proposed meta-heuristic technique called Charged System Search, which is based on the interactions between electrically charged particles. The experiments were carried out in the context of non-technical loss in power distribution systems in a dataset obtained from a Brazilian electrical power company, and have demonstrated the robustness of the proposed technique against with several others natureinspired optimization techniques for training neural networks. Thus, it is possible to improve some applications on Smart Grids.

Using Baseline Methods to Identify Non-technical Losses in the Context of Smart Grids

Demand response has gained increasing importance in the context of competitive electricity markets and smart grid environments. In addition to the importance that has been given to the development of business models for integrating demand response, several methods have been developed to evaluate the consumers’ performance after the participation in a demand response event. The present paper uses those performance evaluation methods, namely customer baseline load calculation methods, to determine the expected consumption in each period of the consumer historic data. In the cases in which there is a certain difference between the actual consumption and the estimated consumption, the consumer is identified as a potential cause of non-technical losses. A case study demonstrates the application of the proposed method to real consumption data.

Status of Non-Technical Losses of Electricity in Brazil

The electricity demand in Brazil has been growing. Some studies estimate that through 2035 the energy consumption (the power consumption) should increase 78%. Two distinct actions are necessary to meet this growth: the construction of new generating plants and to reduce electrical losses in the country. As the construction of power plants have a high price, coupled with the growth of (current) environmental concern, electric utilities are investing in reducing losses, both technical and non-technical. In this context, this paper aims to present an overview of nontechnical losses in Brazil and to raise a discussion on the reasons that contribute to energy fraud.

Study of Proposed Identification of Non-Technical Losses of Electricity in Brazil

The electric utilities have large revenue losses annually due to commercial losses, which are caused mainly by fraud on the part of consumers and faulty meters. Automatic detection of such losses where there is a complex problem, given the large number of consumers and the high cost of each inspection, not to mention the wear of the relationship between company and consumer. Given the above, this paper aims to briefly present some methodologies applied by utilities to identify consumer frauds.

Anti-neoplastic properties of hydralazine in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although early disease is often efficiently managed therapeutically, available options for advanced disease are mostly ineffective. Aberrant DNA methylation associated with gene-silencing of cancer-related genes is a common feature of PCa. Therefore, DNA methylation inhibitors might constitute an attractive alternative therapy. Herein, we evaluated the anti-cancer properties of hydralazine, a non-nucleoside DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibitor, in PCa cell lines. In vitro assays showed that hydralazine exposure led to a significant dose and time dependent growth inhibition, increased apoptotic rate and decreased invasiveness. Furthermore, it also induced cell cycle arrest and DNA damage. These phenotypic effects were particularly prominent in DU145 cells. Following hydralazine exposure, decreased levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b mRNA and DNMT1 protein were depicted. Moreover, a significant decrease in GSTP1, BCL2 and CCND2 promoter methylation levels, with concomitant transcript re-expression, was also observed. Interestingly, hydralazine restored androgen receptor expression, with upregulation of its target p21 in DU145 cell line. Protein array analysis suggested that blockage of EGF receptor signaling pathway is likely to be the main mechanism of hydralazine action in DU145 cells. Our data demonstrate that hydralazine attenuated the malignant phenotype of PCa cells, and might constitute a useful therapeutic tool.

Dynamical Analysis of Non-Repetitive Trajectories in Robotic Manipulation

A new method for the study and optimization of manu«ipulator trajectories is developed. The novel feature resides on the modeling formulation. Standard system desciptions are based on a set of differential equations which, in general, require laborious computations and may be difficult to analyze. Moreover, the derived algorithms are suited to "deterministic" tasks, such as those appearing in a repetitivework, and are not well adapted to a "random" operation that occurs in intelligent systems interacting with a non-structured and changing environment. These facts motivate the development of alternative models based on distinct concepts. The proposed embedding of statistics and Fourier trasnform gives a new perspective towards the calculation and optimization of the robot trajectories in manipulating tasks.

Non-preemptive and SRP-based fullypreemptive scheduling of real-time Software Transactional Memory

Recent embedded processor architectures containing multiple heterogeneous cores and non-coherent caches renewed attention to the use of Software Transactional Memory (STM) as a building block for developing parallel applications. STM promises to ease concurrent and parallel software development, but relies on the possibility of abort conflicting transactions to maintain data consistency, which in turns affects the execution time of tasks carrying transactions. Because of this fact the timing behaviour of the task set may not be predictable, thus it is crucial to limit the execution time overheads resulting from aborts. In this paper we formalise a FIFO-based algorithm to order the sequence of commits of concurrent transactions. Then, we propose and evaluate two non-preemptive and one SRP-based fully-preemptive scheduling strategies, in order to avoid transaction starvation.

Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: Occurrence and environmental risk

The occurrence of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics therapeutic classes was studied in seawaters. A total of 101 samples covering fourteen beaches and five cities were evaluated in order to assess the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals among north Portuguese coast. Seawaters were selected in order to embrace different bathing water quality (excellent, good and sufficient). Acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen were detected in all the seawater samples at maximum concentrations of 584, 89.7 and 287 ng L− 1, respectively. Carboxyibuprofen had the highest seawater concentration (1227 ng L− 1). The temporal distribution of the selected pharmaceuticals during the bathing season showed that, in general, higher concentrations were detected in August and September. The environmental risk posed by the pharmaceuticals detected in seawaters towards different trophic levels (fish, daphnids and algae) was also assessed. Only diclofenac showed hazard quotients above one for fish, representing a potential risk for aquatic organisms. These results were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. Additional data is needed in order to support the identification and prioritization of risks posed by pharmaceuticals in marine environment.

Development of a SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS methodology for thedetermination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesicpharmaceuticals in seawaterPaula

An analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics therapeutic groups was developed based on off-line solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS). Extraction conditions were optimized taking into account parameters like sorbent material, sample volume and sample pH. Method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 0.02 to 8.18 ng/L were obtained. This methodology was successfully applied to the determination of the selected pharmaceuticals in seawater samples of Atlantic Ocean in the Northern Portuguese coast. All the pharmaceuticals have been detected in the seawater samples, with pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen being the most frequently detected at concentrations that can reach some hundreds of ng/L.

On the analysis of data emerging in non-linear and complex systemscomparison of two X-Ray prony spectra

New arguments proving that successive (repeated) measurements have a memory and actually remember each other are presented. The recognition of this peculiarity can change essentially the existing paradigm associated with conventional observation in behavior of different complex systems and lead towards the application of an intermediate model (IM). This IM can provide a very accurate fit of the measured data in terms of the Prony's decomposition. This decomposition, in turn, contains a small set of the fitting parameters relatively to the number of initial data points and allows comparing the measured data in cases where the “best fit” model based on some specific physical principles is absent. As an example, we consider two X-ray diffractometers (defined in paper as A- (“cheap”) and B- (“expensive”) that are used after their proper calibration for the measuring of the same substance (corundum a-Al2O3). The amplitude-frequency response (AFR) obtained in the frame of the Prony's decomposition can be used for comparison of the spectra recorded from (A) and (B) - X-ray diffractometers (XRDs) for calibration and other practical purposes. We prove also that the Fourier decomposition can be adapted to “ideal” experiment without memory while the Prony's decomposition corresponds to real measurement and can be fitted in the frame of the IM in this case. New statistical parameters describing the properties of experimental equipment (irrespective to their internal “filling”) are found. The suggested approach is rather general and can be used for calibration and comparison of different complex dynamical systems in practical purposes.

Which “place and non-place” do women occupy in social economy organisations?

Scientific literature has strengthened the perpetuation of inequality factors in the labour market based on gender, despite the on-going endeavour of various political bodies and legal norms against the vertical and horizontal segregation of women. National and European statistical data shows the relevance and timeless features of theories of market segmentation associated with the labour market dating back to the 70’s of the 20th century. Hence, the European Community considers as a priority in the Europe 2020 strategy, the definition of “policies to promote gender equality […] to increase labour force participation thus adding to growth and social cohesion”. If we consider that on the one hand, social economy is fairly recognised to be equated with market actors and the State for its economic and social role in tackling the current crisis, and on the other hand, that the ideals of the sector, systematised in the “Framework Law of Social Economy” (Law no. 30/2013 8th of May), particularly in article 5 proposing “the respect for the values […] of equality and non-discrimination […], justice and equity […]”, we aim to reflect on indicators that uncover a vertical and horizontal segregation in the labour market. Departing from a mixed methodological approach (extensive and intensive), subject to the topic of "Social Entrepreneurship in Portugal" in social economy organisations, we detect very high rates of employment feminisation, with a ratio of 1 man (23%) for every 3 women (77%). Women are mainly earmarked for technical and operational activities, arising from the privileged intervention areas, namely education, training, health, elderly, families, poverty, ultimately being underrepresented in statutory boards and, as such, far removed from deliberations and strategic resolutions. This is particularly visible in the existing hierarchy of functions and management practices of the responsibility of male members. Thus, it seems easily verified that the sector is travelling away from the ideals of justice and social equity, which can crystallise the "non-place" of women in the definition of a strategic direction of social economy and in the most invisible/private “place” of the organisational setting.

Produção Sustentável em BT- Análise de Características de Contadores Inteligentes

A crescente necessidade de reduzir a dependência energética e a emissão de gases de efeito de estufa levou à adoção de uma série de políticas a nível europeu com vista a aumentar a eficiência energética e nível de controlo de equipamentos, reduzir o consumo e aumentar a percentagem de energia produzida a partir de fontes renováveis. Estas medidas levaram ao desenvolvimento de duas situações críticas para o setor elétrico: a substituição das cargas lineares tradicionais, pouco eficientes, por cargas não-lineares mais eficientes e o aparecimento da produção distribuída de energia a partir de fontes renováveis. Embora apresentem vantagens bem documentadas, ambas as situações podem afetar negativamente a qualidade de energia elétrica na rede de distribuição, principalmente na rede de baixa tensão onde é feita a ligação com a maior parte dos clientes e onde se encontram as cargas não-lineares e a ligação às fontes de energia descentralizadas. Isto significa que a monitorização da qualidade de energia tem, atualmente, uma importância acrescida devido aos custos relacionados com perdas inerentes à falta de qualidade de energia elétrica na rede e à necessidade de verificar que determinados parâmetros relacionados com a qualidade de energia elétrica se encontram dentro dos limites previstos nas normas e nos contratos com clientes de forma a evitar disputas ou reclamações. Neste sentido, a rede de distribuição tem vindo a sofrer alterações a nível das subestações e dos postos de transformação que visam aumentar a visibilidade da qualidade de energia na rede em tempo real. No entanto, estas medidas só permitem monitorizar a qualidade de energia até aos postos de transformação de média para baixa tensão, não revelando o estado real da qualidade de energia nos pontos de entrega ao cliente. A monitorização nestes pontos é feita periodicamente e não em tempo real, ficando aquém do necessário para assegurar a deteção correta de problemas de qualidade de energia no lado do consumidor. De facto, a metodologia de monitorização utilizada atualmente envolve o envio de técnicos ao local onde surgiu uma reclamação ou a um ponto de medição previsto para instalar um analisador de energia que permanece na instalação durante um determinado período de tempo. Este tipo de monitorização à posteriori impossibilita desde logo a deteção do problema de qualidade de energia que levou à reclamação, caso não se trate de um problema contínuo. Na melhor situação, o aparelho poderá detetar uma réplica do evento, mas a larga percentagem anomalias ficam fora deste processo por serem extemporâneas. De facto, para detetar o evento que deu origem ao problema é necessário monitorizar permanentemente a qualidade de energia. No entanto este método de monitorização implica a instalação permanente de equipamentos e não é viável do ponto de vista das empresas de distribuição de energia já que os equipamentos têm custos demasiado elevados e implicam a necessidade de espaços maiores nos pontos de entrega para conter os equipamentos e o contador elétrico. Uma alternativa possível que pode tornar viável a monitorização permanente da qualidade de energia consiste na introdução de uma funcionalidade de monitorização nos contadores de energia de determinados pontos da rede de distribuição. Os contadores são obrigatórios em todas as instalações ligadas à rede, para efeitos de faturação. Tradicionalmente estes contadores são eletromecânicos e recentemente começaram a ser substituídos por contadores inteligentes (smart meters), de natureza eletrónica, que para além de fazer a contagem de energia permitem a recolha de informação sobre outros parâmetros e aplicação de uma serie de funcionalidades pelo operador de rede de distribuição devido às suas capacidades de comunicação. A reutilização deste equipamento com finalidade de analisar a qualidade da energia junto dos pontos de entrega surge assim como uma forma privilegiada dado que se trata essencialmente de explorar algumas das suas características adicionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a possibilidade descrita de monitorizar a qualidade de energia elétrica de forma permanente no ponto de entrega ao cliente através da utilização do contador elétrico do mesmo e elaborar um conjunto de requisitos para o contador tendo em conta a normalização aplicável, as características dos equipamentos utilizados atualmente pelo operador de rede e as necessidades do sistema elétrico relativamente à monitorização de qualidade de energia.