Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement

Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68–200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.

Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air of an Urban Area: Dose Implications for Elderly

Due to their detrimental effects on human health, the scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing, but available information is far from comprehensive. Compared to the remaining population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to (1) determine the levels of outdoor pollutants in an urban area with emphasis on UFP concentrations and (2) estimate the respective dose rates of exposure for elderly populations. UFP were continuously measured over 3 weeks at 3 sites in north Portugal: 2 urban (U1 and U2) and 1 rural used as reference (R1). Meteorological parameters and outdoor pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also measured. The dose rates of inhalation exposure to UFP were estimated for three different elderly age categories: 64–70, 71–80, and >81 years. Over the sampling period levels of PM10, O3 and NO2 were in compliance with European legislation. Mean UFP were 1.7 × 104 and 1.2 × 104 particles/cm3 at U1 and U2, respectively, whereas at rural site levels were 20–70% lower (mean of 1 ×104 particles/cm3). Vehicular traffic and local emissions were the predominant identified sources of UFP at urban sites. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed that UFP were meteorologically dependent. Exposure dose rates were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher at urban than reference sites with the highest levels noted for adults at 71–80 yr, attributed mainly to higher inhalation rates.

Consumption Management of Air Conditioning Devices for the Participation in Demand Response Programs

Demand Response has been taking over the years an extreme importance. There’s a lot of demand response programs, one of them proposed in this paper, using air conditioners that could increase the power quality and decrease the spent money in many ways like: infrastructures and customers energy bill reduction. This paper proposes a method and a study on how air conditioners could integrate demand response programs. The proposed method has been modelled as an energy resources management optimization problem. This paper presents two case studies, the first one with all costumers participating and second one with some of costumers. The results obtained for both case studies have been analyzed.

Strategies to assess web resources credibility: results of a case study in primary and secondary schools from Portugal

In this paper, three approaches for the assessment of credibility in a web environment will be presented, namely the checklists model, the cognitive authority model and the contextual model. This theoretical framework was used to conduct a study about the assessment of web resources credibility among a sample of 195 students, from elementary and secondary schools in a municipality in Oporto district (Portugal). The practices that young people and children claim to use regarding the use of criteria for web resources selection will be presented. In addition, these results will be discussed and compared with the perceptions that these respondents have demonstrated for the use of criteria to establish or assess authorship, originality, or information resources structure. These results will be also discussed and compared with the perceptions that these respondents have demonstrated for the elements that make up each of these criteria.

Trace Elements in Ambient Air at Porto Metropolitan Area—Checking for Compliance with New European Union (Eu) Air Quality Standards

Because of the scientific evidence showing that arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) are human genotoxic carcinogens, the European Union (EU) recently set target values for metal concentration in ambient air (As: 6 ng/m3, Cd: 5 ng/m3, Ni: 20 ng/m3). The aim of our study was to determine the concentration levels of these trace elements in Porto Metropolitan Area (PMA) in order to assess whether compliance was occurring with these new EU air quality standards. Fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) air particles were collected from October 2011 to July 2012 at two different (urban and suburban) locations in PMA. Samples were analyzed for trace elements content by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study focused on determination of differences in trace elements concentration between the two sites, and between PM2.5 and PM10, in order to gather information regarding emission sources. Except for chromium (Cr), the concentration of all trace elements was higher at the urban site. However, results for As, Cd, Ni, and lead (Pb) were well below the EU limit/target values (As: 1.49 ± 0.71 ng/m3; Cd: 1.67 ± 0.92 ng/m3; Ni: 3.43 ± 3.23 ng/m3; Pb: 17.1 ± 10.1 ng/m3) in the worst-case scenario. Arsenic, Cd, Ni, Pb, antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were predominantly associated to PM2.5, indicating that anthropogenic sources such as industry and road traffic are the main source of these elements. High enrichment factors (EF > 100) were obtained for As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn, further confirming their anthropogenic origin.

Projeto de uma ETAR para a freguesia de Canelas, Penafiel

O tratamento das águas residuais domésticas surge com o intuito de degradar os poluentes presentes, para que as águas residuais tratadas não prejudiquem o ambiente nem a saúde pública. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a conceção e o dimensionamento de uma Estação de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETAR) na freguesia de Canelas com a finalidade de substituir a já existente e permitir a ampliação da área da rede de saneamento da freguesia. Foram considerados dois tipos de ETAR’s, compacta e convencional, para tratar águas residuais domésticas de aproxidamente 2000 habitantes, com um caudal médio de 400 m3/dia e um caudal de ponta de 1136,7 m3/dia. Das duas opções optou-se pela convencional uma vez que acarreta um menor investimento, no valor de 187 232 €, e se considera também mais adequada às características do efluente a tratar. O tratamento escolhido inclui inicialmente uma gradagem, com uma grade constituída por sete barras com um espaçamento de 20 mm entre elas, seguida de um tamisador rotativo com uma abertura de malha de 3 mm. Depois do tamisador, optou-se por um sistema de desarenação/desengorduramento com um volume do tanque de 3,95 m3 e um fluxo de ar de 17,9 m3/h. Na fase seguinte considerou-se um tratamento biológico por lamas ativadas em regime de arejamento prolongado num tanque de arejamento de volume igual a 245,8 m3 com um arejador submerso, seguindo-se um decantador secundário de volume 33,3 m3. Por último, escolheu-se um sistema de desinfeção por ultravioleta e, a montante do mesmo, um filtro rápido para eliminar pequenas partículas que o efluente ainda possa conter. Para a desinfeção foram consideradas duas secções com cinco módulos de duas lâmpadas cada, ou seja, vinte lâmpadas ultravioleta. Dos resíduos produzidos pelo tratamento da água residual, os gradados e as areias serão encaminhados para aterro, enquanto que as lamas serão enviadas para a ETAR das Termas de S.Vicente, para que sofram o tratamento adequado e sejam encaminhadas para o destinal final adequado (aplicação em solos agrícolas, compostagem ou em alternativa para aterro). No caso da ETAR covencional foi ainda avaliada a possível reutilização de um decantador da ETAR de Milhundos uma vez que esta se encontrava em fase de desativação. Desta avaliação, concluiu-se que não seria economicamente viável o seu reaproveitamento. Mestrado em Engenharia Química – Tecnologias de Proteção Ambiental Para além disso realizou-se também um levantamento dos principais problemas que ocorrem na maioria das ETAR’s e foram apresentadas as respetivas sugestões de resolução. A realização de um inquérito permititu concluir que os odores são o problema que mais causa incómodo à população.