Reflections on the legal framework for relations between cooperatives and subsidiaries.

In the light of Portuguese legal system, cooperative enterprises may include an enterprise carried out by a subsidiary, provided they conform to certain requirements. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the issue of the legal framework of the relationship between the cooperative and the subsidiary. There are several problems to be addressed in this paper: (i) How to qualify such a relationship since corresponding to mere investments made by the cooperative? Should it be classified as non-member cooperative transactions or as extraordinary activities? (ii) How to qualify such a relationship when related to the development of preparatory or complementary activities for the economic activity developed between the cooperative and its members? May we speak, in this situation, of a concept of “indirect mutuality”, as provided in other legal systems? (iii) How should we classify and what is the regime of the economic results from the activity developed by the subsidiary? We will conclude, advocating: (i) That the cooperative enterprise may include an enterprise carried out by a subsidiary if this is deemed necessary to satisfy the interests of the members; (ii) The inadmissibility of the concept of “indirect mutuality”; (iii) The inadequacy of qualifying the legal relationship between the cooperative partner (iv) The application, to the economic results coming from the activity developed by the subsidiary, of the regime provided for in the Portuguese Cooperative Code to the results from non-member cooperative transactions; (v) The economic results coming from the activity developed by the subsidiary cannot be appropriated by individual co-operators members, and so should be allocated to indivisible reserves.

A reserva legal nas cooperativas: um estudo de caso de uma cooperativa centenária portuense

O objetivo da presente comunicação consiste em refletir sobre as principais diferenças entre o tratamento jurídico e contabilístico da reserva legal nas cooperativas e nas sociedades comerciais. Assim, partindo de uma análise crítica do regime previsto no Código Cooperativo Português, e tendo por referência os documentos contabilísticos da Cooperativa dos Pedreiros, esta comunicação procura responder a questões pertinentes no que concerne à constituição e utilização da reserva legal e à sua finalidade quer durante a vida das cooperativas quer no momento da dissolução e liquidação do seu património. Os resultados do estudo confirmam que a reserva legal nas cooperativas tem um regime jurídico diferente face ao das sociedades comerciais, nomeadamente quanto ao destino da reserva legal, que nas cooperativas se circunscreve à cobertura de perdas, bem como a sua irrepartibilidade. Tendo em conta o caráter variável do capital social cooperativo, a reserva legal apresentase como o recurso financeiro de melhor qualidade nas cooperativas. Impõe-se, no entanto, uma alteração ao normativo jurídico português aplicável às cooperativas quanto a aspetos particulares do regime jurídico das cooperativas, destacando-se a necessidade do estabelecimento de uma hierarquia entre as diferentes reservas, no sentido de que, para efeitos de cobertura de prejuízos, a reserva legal só seja movimentada depois de esgotadas as outras reservas.