Commercial squids: Characterization, assessment of potential health benefits/risks and discrimination based on mineral, lipid and vitamin E concentrations

The most consumed squid species worldwide were characterized regarding their concentrations of minerals, fatty acids, cholesterol and vitamin E. Interspecific comparisons were assessed among species and geographical origin. The health benefits derived from squid consumption were assessed based on daily minerals intake and on nutritional lipid quality indexes. Squids contribute significantly to daily intake of several macro (Na, K, Mg and P) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn and Ni). Despite their low fat concentration, they are rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentanoic (EPA) acids, with highly favorable ω-3/ω-6 ratios (from 5.7 to 17.7), reducing the significance of their high cholesterol concentration (140–549 mg/100 g ww). Assessment of potential health risks based on minerals intake, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks indicated that Loligo gahi (from Atlantic Ocean), Loligo opalescens (from Pacific Ocean) and Loligo duvaucelii (from Indic Ocean) should be eaten with moderation due to the high concentrations of Cu and/or Cd. Canonical discriminant analysis identified the major fatty acids (C14:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:3ω-3, C20:4ω-6 and C22:5ω-6), P, K, Cu and vitamin E as chemical discriminators for the selected species. These elements and compounds exhibited the potential to prove authenticity of the commercially relevant squid species.

Riesz potential versus fractional Laplacian

This paper starts by introducing the Grünwald–Letnikov derivative, the Riesz potential and the problem of generalizing the Laplacian. Based on these ideas, the generalizations of the Laplacian for 1D and 2D cases are studied. It is presented as a fractional version of the Cauchy–Riemann conditions and, finally, it is discussed with the n-dimensional Laplacian.

Proposta metodológica para avaliação preliminar de jazigos de shale gas

O potencial de um reservatório de shale gas e influenciado por um grande número de fatores, tais como a sua mineralogia e textura, o seu tipo e maturação de querogénio, a saturação de fluidos, os mecanismos de armazenamento de gás, a profundidade do reservatório e a temperatura e pressão de poros. Nesse sentido, o principal objetivo desta tese foi estabelecer uma metodologia de avaliação preliminar de potenciais jazigos de shale gas (estudo de afloramentos com base numa litoestratigrafia de alta resolução), que foi posteriormente aplicada na Formação de Vale das Fontes (Bacia Lusitânica, Portugal). Esta tese tem a particularidade de contribuir, não só para o aprofundamento da informação a nível geoquímico do local, mas também na abordagem inovadora que permitiu a caracterização petrofísica da Formação de Vale das Fontes. Para a aplicação da metodologia estabelecida, foi necessária a realização dos seguintes ensaios laboratoriais: Rock-Eval 6, picnometria de gás hélio, ensaio de resistência a compressão simples, Darcypress e a difracção de raios-X, aplicando o método de Rietveld. Os resultados obtidos na análise petrofísica mostram uma formação rochosa de baixa porosidade que segundo a classificação ISRM, e classificada como ”Resistente”, para alem de revelar comportamento dúctil e elevado índice de fragilidade. A permeabilidade média obtida situa a Formação no intervalo correspondente as permeabilidades atribuídas aos jazigos de tigh gas, indicando a necessidade de fracturação hidráulica, no caso de uma eventual exploração de hidrocarbonetos, enquanto a difracção de raios-X destaca a calcite, o quartzo e os filossilicatos como os minerais mais presentes na Formação. Do ponto de vista geoquímico, os resultados obtidos mostram que apesar do considerável teor médio de carbono orgânico total, a natureza da matéria orgânica analisada e maioritariamente imatura, composta, principalmente, por querogénio do tipo IV, o que indica a incapacidade de a formação gerar hidrocarbonetos em quantidades economicamente exploráveis.

Picocyanobacteria From a Clade Of Marine Cyanobium Revealed Bioactive Potential Against Microalgae, Bacteria, And Marine

The production of bioactive compounds either toxic or with pharmacological applications by cyanobacteria is well established. However, picoplanktonic forms within this group of organisms have rarely been studied in this context. In this study, the toxicological potential of picocyanobacteria from a clade of marine Cyanobium strains isolated from the Portuguese coast was examined using different biological models. First, strains were identified by applying morphological and molecular approaches and cultured under lab conditions. A crude extract and three fractions reflecting a preliminary segregation of lipophilic metabolites were tested for toxicity with the marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp., the bacteria Pseudomonas sp., the brine shrimp Artemia salina, and fertilized eggs of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. No significant apparent adverse effects were noted against Artemia salina. However, significant adverse effects were found in all other assays, with an inhibition of Nannochloropsis sp. and Pseudomonas sp. growth and marked reduction in Paracentrotus lividus larvae length. The results obtained indicated that Cyanobium genus may serve as a potential source of interesting bioactive compounds and emphasize the importance of also studying smaller picoplanktonic fractions of marine cyanobacteria.