A new approach to assess defragmentation strategies in dynamically reconfigurable FPGAs

Fragmentation on dynamically reconfigurable FPGAs is a major obstacle to the efficient management of the logic space in reconfigurable systems. When resource allocation decisions have to be made at run-time a rearrangement may be necessary to release enough contiguous resources to implement incoming functions. The feasibility of run-time relocation depends on the processing time required to set up rearrangements. Moreover, the performance of the relocated functions should not be affected by this process or otherwise the whole system performance, and even its operation, may be at risk. Relocation should take into account not only specific functional issues, but also the FPGA architecture, since these two aspects are normally intertwined. A simple and fast method to assess performance degradation of a function during relocation and to speed up the defragmentation process, based on previous function labelling and on the application of the Euclidian distance concept, is proposed in this paper.

Capacidade diagnóstica dos biomarcadores de rastreio Pré-natal

Introdução: Algumas anomalias fetais podem colocar sérios riscos para a saúde materna ou estar associadas a uma diminuição acentuada da qualidade de vida do novo ser em formação, ou ainda, ser incompatíveis com a vida do mesmo. O Rastreio Pré-natal (RPN) é um teste que se destina a seleccionar gravidezes com um risco aumentado de apresentarem um feto com malformações. O desenvolvimento de métodos de rastreio pré-natal de anomalias cromossómicas teve grande impacto no diagnóstico pré-natal (DPN). Tradicionalmente, a idade materna era vista como o principal teste de rastreio, pelo que todas as mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 35 anos são aconselhadas a realizar amniocentese. Actualmente maioria das amniocenteses já não são realizadas exclusivamente com base na idade materna, mas com base nos resultados dos teste de rastreio actualmente recomendados, devem-se oferecer a todas as grávidas a possibilidade de efectuarem os testes de rastreio pré-natal uma vez que estes são universais, pois aconselhar a amniocentese a todas as mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 35 anos, apresenta baixa capacidade diagnóstica, uma vez que quer neste estudo, quer noutros estudos publicados, apresentam evidência de malformações fetais em mulheres com idade inferior aos 35 anos. Novos testes de rastreio pré-natal, assim a sua combinação, possibilita a determinação do risco de desenvolver um feto com estas anomalias com elevada probabilidade. As malformações genéticas estão associadas a elevada morbilidade e mortalidade. Os testes de rastreio pré-natal assumem especial importância, uma vez que, permitem a sua detecção, ainda numa fase precoce. O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade diagnóstica dos marcadores bioquímicos analisando os resultados dos diferentes métodos de rastreio pré-natal numa amostra de grávidas que realizaram amniocentese. A população deste estudo foi os registos das amniocenteses, das mulheres grávidas do Serviço de Obstetrícia do Hospital de Santo António -CHP. Resultados: Foram recolhidos 722 registos de amniocenteses, 540 foram realizadas com base na idade materna, 144 no resultado positivo do rastreio bioquímico e 38 com base nos dados ecográficos. No total, 697 (96,5%) das amniocenteses foram negativas e 25 (3,5%) positivas. Relativamente aos testes bioquímicos de rastreio, verificamos que existe uma proporção de 7,64% (n=11) de verdadeiros positivos, e 92,36% (n=133) de falsos positivos. Conclusão: Não existem evidências para afirmar que os marcadores bioquímicos de rastreio pré-natal tenham capacidade diagnóstica, mas tem grande utilidade clínica na detecção do risco de malformações fetais, e por isso mesmo, segundo as ultimas recomendações de consenso, o RPN e o DPN devem estar disponíveis para todas as mulheres que iniciem a sua rotina pré-natal antes das 20 semanas de gestação, independentemente da sua idade.

Argumentation as Distributed Belief Revision: Conflict Resolution in Decentralised Multi-agent Systems

Decentralised co-operative multi-agent systems are computational systems where conflicts are frequent due to the nature of the represented knowledge. Negotiation methodologies, in this case argumentation based negotiation methodologies, were developed and applied to solve unforeseeable and, therefore, unavoidable conflicts. The supporting computational model is a distributed belief revision system where argumentation plays the decisive role of revision. The distributed belief revision system detects, isolates and solves, whenever possible, the identified conflicts. The detection and isolation of the conflicts is automatically performed by the distributed consistency mechanism and the resolution of the conflict, or belief revision, is achieved via argumentation. We propose and describe two argumentation protocols intended to solve different types of identified information conflicts: context dependent and context independent conflicts. While the protocol for context dependent conflicts generates new consensual alternatives, the latter chooses to adopt the soundest, strongest argument presented. The paper shows the suitability of using argumentation as a distributed decentralised belief revision protocol to solve unavoidable conflicts.

Solving Conflicting Beliefs with a Distributed Belief Revision Approach

The ability to solve conflicting beliefs is crucial for multi- agent systems where the information is dynamic, incomplete and dis- tributed over a group of autonomous agents. The proposed distributed belief revision approach consists of a distributed truth maintenance sy- stem and a set of autonomous belief revision methodologies. The agents have partial views and, frequently, hold disparate beliefs which are au- tomatically detected by system’s reason maintenance mechanism. The nature of these conflicts is dynamic and requires adequate methodolo- gies for conflict resolution. The two types of conflicting beliefs addressed in this paper are Context Dependent and Context Independent Conflicts which result, in the first case, from the assignment, by different agents, of opposite belief statuses to the same belief, and, in the latter case, from holding contradictory distinct beliefs. The belief revision methodology for solving Context Independent Con- flicts is, basically, a selection process based on the assessment of the cre- dibility of the opposing belief statuses. The belief revision methodology for solving Context Dependent Conflicts is, essentially, a search process for a consensual alternative based on a “next best” relaxation strategy.

Consistency and Context Management in a Multi Agent Belief Revision Testbed

Multi-agent architectures are well suited for complex inherently distributed problem solving domains. From the many challenging aspects that arise within this framework, a crucial one emerges: how to incorporate dynamic and conflicting agent beliefs? While the belief revision activity in a single agent scenario is concentrated on incorporating new information while preserving consistency, in a multi-agent system it also has to deal with possible conflicts between the agents perspectives. To provide an adequate framework, each agent, built as a combination of an assumption based belief revision system and a cooperation layer, was enriched with additional features: a distributed search control mechanism allowing dynamic context management, and a set of different distributed consistency methodologies. As a result, a Distributed Belief Revision Testbed (DiBeRT) was developed. This paper is a preliminary report presenting some of DiBeRT contributions: a concise representation of external beliefs; a simple and innovative methodology to achieve distributed context management; and a reduced inter-agent data exchange format.

Intelligent Distributed Environmental Decision Support System

This article discusses the development of an Intelligent Distributed Environmental Decision Support System, built upon the association of a Multi-agent Belief Revision System with a Geographical Information System (GIS). The inherent multidisciplinary features of the involved expertises in the field of environmental management, the need to define clear policies that allow the synthesis of divergent perspectives, its systematic application, and the reduction of the costs and time that result from this integration, are the main reasons that motivate the proposal of this project. This paper is organised in two parts: in the first part we present and discuss the developed Distributed Belief Revision Test-bed — DiBeRT; in the second part we analyse its application to the environmental decision support domain, with special emphasis on the interface with a GIS.

Assessment of ultrafine particles in Portuguese preschools: levels and exposure doses

The aim of this work was to assess ultrafine particles (UFP) number concentrations in different microenvironments of Portuguese preschools and to estimate the respective exposure doses of UFP for 3–5-year-old children (in comparison with adults). UFP were sampled both indoors and outdoors in two urban (US1, US2) and one rural (RS1) preschool located in north of Portugal for 31 days. Total levels of indoor UFP were significantly higher at the urban preschools (mean of 1.82x104 and 1.32x104 particles/cm3 at US1 an US2, respectively) than at the rural one (1.15x104 particles/cm3). Canteens were the indoor microenvironment with the highest UFP (mean of 5.17x104, 3.28x104, and 4.09x104 particles/cm3 at US1, US2, and RS1), whereas the lowest concentrations were observed in classrooms (9.31x103, 11.3x103, and 7.14x103 particles/cm3 at US1, US2, and RS1). Mean indoor/outdoor ratios (I/O) of UFP at three preschools were lower than 1 (0.54–0.93), indicating that outdoor emissions significantly contributed to UFP indoors. Significant correlations were obtained between temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation, and ambient UFP number concentrations. The estimated exposure doses were higher in children attending urban preschools; 3–5-year-old children were exposed to 4–6 times higher UFP doses than adults with similar daily schedules.

A Real Time Vision System for Autonomous Systems: Characterization during a Middle Size Match

in RoboCup 2007: Robot Soccer World Cup XI

Diagnóstico energético da indústria de pneus e sugestões de melhoria

Cada vez mais a indústria tem vindo a sofrer algumas mudanças no seu processo produtivo. Hoje, mais que nunca, é preciso garantir que as instalações produtivas sejam as mais eficientes possíveis, procurando a racionalização da energia com um decrescimento dos custos. Deste modo o objectivo desta dissertação é o diagnóstico energético na fábrica de pneus e sugestões de melhoria na empresa CNB/CAMAC. A realização de um diagnóstico energético, para a detecção de desperdícios de energia tem sido amplamente utilizada. A optimização irá prospectar potenciais de mudanças e aplicação de tecnologias de eficiência energética. Pretende-se deste modo travar o consumo energético sem que seja afectada a produção, já que a empresa é considerada consumidora intensiva de energia. Na empresa CNB/CAMAC há consumo de fuelóleo, gasóleo, vapor e energia eléctrica, sendo o vapor a forma de energia mais consumida (36,1%) seguido da energia eléctrica (33,8%), fuelóleo (29,9) e gasóleo (0,3%). O levantamento energético permitiu estudar a influência de algumas variáveis, nos consumos anuais da energia, e assim apresentar propostas de melhoria. Uma das propostas analisadas foi a possibilidade de efectuar um isolamento térmico a algumas válvulas no equipamento de produção e distribuição de vapor. Este isolamento conduziria a uma poupança de 33.540 kWh/ano. Também se propôs o isolamento dos tubos de transporte de vapor no sector da vulcanização o que geraria uma poupança de 549.826 kWh/ano. Sugere-se a implementação de um economizador na caldeira nº1 uma vez que a temperatura média dos gases de chaminé se situa á volta dos 311ºC. Uma vez que existe a pré instalação de um sistema de cogeração, sugere-se que este seja finalizado. Propôs-se a implementação de balastros electrónicos, que conduziria a uma diminuição em energia eléctrica de 33.5877 kWh/ano. Também se propõe a eliminação das fugas de ar na rede de distribuição do ar comprimido poupando assim 12,96kW/h.

Adaptive modeling and high quality spectral estimation for speech enhancement

In this work an adaptive modeling and spectral estimation scheme based on a dual Discrete Kalman Filtering (DKF) is proposed for speech enhancement. Both speech and noise signals are modeled by an autoregressive structure which provides an underlying time frame dependency and improves time-frequency resolution. The model parameters are arranged to obtain a combined state-space model and are also used to calculate instantaneous power spectral density estimates. The speech enhancement is performed by a dual discrete Kalman filter that simultaneously gives estimates for the models and the signals. This approach is particularly useful as a pre-processing module for parametric based speech recognition systems that rely on spectral time dependent models. The system performance has been evaluated by a set of human listeners and by spectral distances. In both cases the use of this pre-processing module has led to improved results.