Some translation difficulties in the use of false friends in english

This paper will focus on some aspects of translation based on blending distinct linguistic domains such as English Language and Portuguese in using false friends in the English class in tertiary level students, reflecting namely on: 1. the choice of a word suitable to the context in L2 ; 2. the difficulties encountered by choice of that word that could be misleading, by relying in a false L1 reality that is going to adulterate reality in the L2 domain; 3. the difficulty in making such type of distinctions due to the lack of linguistic and lexical knowledge. 4. the need to study the cause of these difficulties by working, not only with their peers, but also with their language teacher to develop strategies to diminish and if possible to eradicate this type of linguistic and, above all, translation problem by making an inventory of those types of mistakes. In relation to the first point it is necessary to know that translation tasks involve much more than literal concepts ( Ladmiral, 1975) : furthermore it is necessary and suitable to realise that lexicon relies in significant contexts (Coseriu 1966), which connects both domains, that, at first sight do not seem to be compatible. In other words, although students have the impression they dominate lexicon due to the fact that they possess at least seven years of foreign language exposure that doesn’t mean they master the particularities engaged in such a delicate task as translation is concerned. There are some chromaticisms in the words (false friends), that need to be researched and analysed later on by both students and language teachers. The reason for such state of affairs lies in their academic formation, of a mainly general stream, which has enabled them only for knowledge of the foreign language, but not for the translation as a tool as it is required only when they reach the tertiary level. Besides, for their translations they rely, most of the times, on glossaries, whose dominant language is portuguese of Brazil, which is, obviously, much different from the portuguese mother tongue reality and even more of English. So it seems necessary to use with caution the working tools (glossaries) that work as surpluses, but could bring translation problems as we will see.

A influência da hipertonia biomecânica VS neuronal na selecção das estratégias de intervenção em sujeitos com sequelas de acidente vascular encefálico no território da artéria cerebral média

Introdução: Após lesão do SNC o músculo pode perder a sua variabilidade e flexibilidade, tal como se verifica em indivíduos após AVE. A caracterização do tónus muscular tem sido um indicador a ter em atenção para o diagnóstico clínico. As alterações do tónus podem resultar de uma combinação de alterações neurais, como consequência dos processos inerentes à neuroplasticidade e alterações biomecânicas. Objectivo: Verificar quais as modificações no tónus muscular, segundo a escala de Tardieu, após a aplicação de um programa de reabilitação neuromotora baseado no conceito de Bobath em dois indivíduos com sequelas de AVE. Pretendeu-se também verificar as repercussões nas actividades funcionais. Participantes e métodos: Foram seleccionados dois indivíduos e aplicado um programa de reabilitação, durante onze semanas, e avaliados em dois momentos, antes da intervenção (PRE) e após a intervenção (APÓS). Aplicaram-se vários instrumentos de avaliação, nomeadamente a escala de Tardieu. O programa de reabilitação realizado baseou-se no conceito de Bobath. Resultados: Na escala de Tardieu, foi comum aos dois indivíduos melhorias a nível da qualidade de reacção muscular. Ambos os indivíduos apresentaram melhorias no controlo postural e equilíbrio, que se evidenciaram na CIF. Conclusão: Foi possível observar modificações no tónus muscular após aplicação de um programa de reabilitação e, consequentemente modificações na distribuição da carga na base de suporte, no alinhamento das estruturas articulares e musculares e na marcha. Ao longo da intervenção, observaram-se repercussões positivas em ambos os indivíduos, permitindo a estes realizar as AVDs com menor dificuldade

O recurso ao outsourcing na prestação de cuidados de saúde

Nos últimos anos verificou-se uma alteração das condições e modo de funcionamento de empresas e instituições, privadas e públicas, muitas delas através da introdução de novas ferramentas de gestão. De entre elas, podemos destacar o outsourcing, que apesar de não ser um fenómeno actual, é ainda em Portugal uma ferramenta recente e pouco explorada, que pode contribuir de forma decisiva para a modernização, flexibilidade e competitividade das empresas. O presente estudo pretende abordar a contratação de serviços externos nos serviços de saúde públicos, também conhecido como outsourcing, mediante uma análise prática da realidade de uma instituição hospitalar com sete serviços em regime de outsourcing, com recolha dos dados durante o triénio 2008-2010. No Serviço de Urgência durante 2010 o principal prestador recebeu mais 104,28% acima do valor referência/hora, no Serviço de Oftalmologia no ano de 2010 o prestador recebeu um valor superior em 24,91%, no Serviço de Limpeza, Higiene e Conforto é pago ao prestador durante o ano de 2010 um valor superior em 13,85%, no Serviço de Vigilância e Segurança o prestador recebeu durante o ano de 2010 um valor superior em 27,5%, caso a instituição hospitalar optasse por contratar, para os serviços atrás referidos, profissionais para o quadro de pessoal. Ainda em relação ao Serviço de Urgência foi pago mais 21,38% acima do valor de referência publicado por Despacho governamental. Em relação aos Serviços de Lavandaria e de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos, não foi possível recolher os dados necessários que pudessem levar a uma conclusão válida sobre os custos pagos pela instituição hospitalar. Pode-se concluir que a contratação de prestadores externos, para os serviços de saúde, essenciais e não essenciais, em regime de outsourcing, revela-se na maioria dos casos analisados a opção menos económica, com custos bastantes elevados.

O Planeamento estratégico nos hospitais portugueses num contexto de austeridade: o caso particular dos Hospitais E.P.E.

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Professor Doutor José Freitas Santos

O Processo de gestão de risco nas organizações

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Auditoria Orientada por Mestre Carlos Manuel Antunes Mendes

Fatores influenciadores da gestão da qualidade e independência do auditor: um estudo de caso

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Auditoria Orientada por: Doutora Alcina Dias

ANN-Based LMP forecasting in a distribution network with large penetration of DG

In recent years, power systems have experienced many changes in their paradigm. The introduction of new players in the management of distributed generation leads to the decentralization of control and decision-making, so that each player is able to play in the market environment. In the new context, it will be very relevant that aggregator players allow midsize, small and micro players to act in a competitive environment. In order to achieve their objectives, virtual power players and single players are required to optimize their energy resource management process. To achieve this, it is essential to have financial resources capable of providing access to appropriate decision support tools. As small players have difficulties in having access to such tools, it is necessary that these players can benefit from alternative methodologies to support their decisions. This paper presents a methodology, based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and intended to support smaller players. In this case the present methodology uses a training set that is created using energy resource scheduling solutions obtained using a mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) approach as the reference optimization methodology. The trained network is used to obtain locational marginal prices in a distribution network. The main goal of the paper is to verify the accuracy of the ANN based approach. Moreover, the use of a single ANN is compared with the use of two or more ANN to forecast the locational marginal price.

Balancing market integration in MASCEM electricity market simulator

With the restructuring of the energy sector in industrialized countries there is an increased complexity in market players’ interactions along with emerging problems and new issues to be addressed. Decision support tools that facilitate the study and understanding of these markets are extremely useful to provide players with competitive advantage. In this context arises MASCEM, a multi-agent simulator for competitive electricity markets. It is essential to reinforce MASCEM with the ability to recreate electricity markets reality in the fullest possible extent, making it able to simulate as many types of markets models and players as possible. This paper presents the development of the Balancing Market in MASCEM. A key module to the study of competitive electricity markets, as it has well defined and distinct characteristics previously implemented.

A simulation tool for demand response programs implementation

The design and development of simulation models and tools for Demand Response (DR) programs are becoming more and more important for adequately taking the maximum advantages of DR programs use. Moreover, a more active consumers’ participation in DR programs can help improving the system reliability and decrease or defer the required investments. DemSi, a DR simulator, designed and implemented by the authors of this paper, allows studying DR actions and schemes in distribution networks. It undertakes the technical validation of the solution using realistic network simulation based on PSCAD. DemSi considers the players involved in DR actions, and the results can be analyzed from each specific player point of view.

Electric vehicle scenario simulator tool for smart grid operators

This paper presents a simulator for electric vehicles in the context of smart grids and distribution networks. It aims to support network operator´s planning and operations but can be used by other entities for related studies. The paper describes the parameters supported by the current version of the Electric Vehicle Scenario Simulator (EVeSSi) tool and its current algorithm. EVeSSi enables the definition of electric vehicles scenarios on distribution networks using a built-in movement engine. The scenarios created with EVeSSi can be used by external tools (e.g., power flow) for specific analysis, for instance grid impacts. Two scenarios are briefly presented for illustration of the simulator capabilities.

Electricity Markets Simulation: MASCEM Contributions to the Challenging Reality

Electricity Markets are not only a new reality but an evolving one as the involved players and rules change at a relatively high rate. Multi-agent simulation combined with Artificial Intelligence techniques may result in sophisticated tools very helpful under this context. Some simulation tools have already been developed, some of them very interesting. However, at the present state it is important to go a step forward in Electricity Markets simulators as this is crucial for facing changes in Power Systems. This paper explains the context and needs of electricity market simulation, describing the most important characteristics of available simulators. We present our work concerning MASCEM simulator, presenting its features as well as the improvements being made to accomplish the change and challenging reality of Electricity Markets.

Complex market integration in MASCEM electricity market simulator

The restructuring that the energy sector has suffered in industrialized countries originated a greater complexity in market players’ interactions, and thus new problems and issues to be addressed. Decision support tools that facilitate the study and understanding of these markets become extremely useful to provide players with competitive advantage. In this context arises MASCEM, a multi-agent system for simulating competitive electricity markets. To provide MASCEM with the capacity to recreate the electricity markets reality in the fullest possible extent, it is essential to make it able to simulate as many market models and player types as possible. This paper presents the development of the Complex Market in MASCEM. This module is fundamental to study competitive electricity markets, as it exhibits different characteristics from the already implemented market types.

ANN based support for distributed energy resources scheduling in smart grids

The future scenarios for operation of smart grids are likely to include a large diversity of players, of different types and sizes. With control and decision making being decentralized over the network, intelligence should also be decentralized so that every player is able to play in the market environment. In the new context, aggregator players, enabling medium, small, and even micro size players to act in a competitive environment, will be very relevant. Virtual Power Players (VPP) and single players must optimize their energy resource management in order to accomplish their goals. This is relatively easy to larger players, with financial means to have access to adequate decision support tools, to support decision making concerning their optimal resource schedule. However, the smaller players have difficulties in accessing this kind of tools. So, it is required that these smaller players can be offered alternative methods to support their decisions. This paper presents a methodology, based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), intended to support smaller players’ resource scheduling. The used methodology uses a training set that is built using the energy resource scheduling solutions obtained with a reference optimization methodology, a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) in this case. The trained network is able to achieve good schedule results requiring modest computational means.

Towards the wide implementation of standards IEC 61968/70 (CIM) and IEC 61850 in the distribution system (CIGRÉ C6-105_2010)

Currently, power systems (PS) already accommodate a substantial penetration of distributed generation (DG) and operate in competitive environments. In the future, as the result of the liberalisation and political regulations, PS will have to deal with large-scale integration of DG and other distributed energy resources (DER), such as storage and provide market agents to ensure a flexible and secure operation. This cannot be done with the traditional PS operational tools used today like the quite restricted information systems Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) [1]. The trend to use the local generation in the active operation of the power system requires new solutions for data management system. The relevant standards have been developed separately in the last few years so there is a need to unify them in order to receive a common and interoperable solution. For the distribution operation the CIM models described in the IEC 61968/70 are especially relevant. In Europe dispersed and renewable energy resources (D&RER) are mostly operated without remote control mechanisms and feed the maximal amount of available power into the grid. To improve the network operation performance the idea of virtual power plants (VPP) will become a reality. In the future power generation of D&RER will be scheduled with a high accuracy. In order to realize VPP decentralized energy management, communication facilities are needed that have standardized interfaces and protocols. IEC 61850 is suitable to serve as a general standard for all communication tasks in power systems [2]. The paper deals with international activities and experiences in the implementation of a new data management and communication concept in the distribution system. The difficulties in the coordination of the inconsistent developed in parallel communication and data management standards - are first addressed in the paper. The upcoming unification work taking into account the growing role of D&RER in the PS is shown. It is possible to overcome the lag in current practical experiences using new tools for creating and maintenance the CIM data and simulation of the IEC 61850 protocol – the prototype of which is presented in the paper –. The origin and the accuracy of the data requirements depend on the data use (e.g. operation or planning) so some remarks concerning the definition of the digital interface incorporated in the merging unit idea from the power utility point of view are presented in the paper too. To summarize some required future work has been identified.

Orientation system for people with cognitive disabilities

In health care there has been a growing interest and investment in new tools to have a constant monitoring of patients. The increasing of average life ex-pectation and, consequently, the costs in health care due to elderly population are the motivation for this investment. However, healthmonitoring is not only important to elderly people, it can be also applied to people with cognitive disabilities. In this article we present some systems, which try to support these persons on doing their day-to-day activities and how it can improve their life quality. Also, we present an idea to a project that tries to help the persons with cognitive disabilities by providing assistance in geo-guidance and keep their caregivers aware of their location.