Writing and living on the stage of history

This article studies the intercultural trajectory of a Portuguese female aristocrat of the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. Her trajectory of intercultural transition from a Portuguese provincial lady into an independent owner of a sugar mill in tropical Bahia is documented through family letters, which provide a polyphonic representation of a movement of personal, family, and social transculturation over almost two decades. Maria Bárbara began her journey between cultures as a simple spectator-reader, progressively becoming a commentator-actor-protagonist-author in society, in politics, and in history. These letters function as a translation that is sometimes consecutive, other times simultaneous, of the events lived and witnessed. This concept of intercultural translation is based on the theories of Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2006, 2008), who argues that cultural differences imply that any comparison has to be made using procedures of proportion and correspondence which, taken as a whole, constitute the work of translation itself. These procedures construct approximations of the known to the unknown, of the strange to the familiar, of the ‘other’ to the ‘self’, categories which are always unstable. Likewise, this essay explores the unstable contexts of its object of study, with the purpose of understanding different rationalities and worldviews.

Which “place and non-place” do women occupy in social economy organisations?

Scientific literature has strengthened the perpetuation of inequality factors in the labour market based on gender, despite the on-going endeavour of various political bodies and legal norms against the vertical and horizontal segregation of women. National and European statistical data shows the relevance and timeless features of theories of market segmentation associated with the labour market dating back to the 70’s of the 20th century. Hence, the European Community considers as a priority in the Europe 2020 strategy, the definition of “policies to promote gender equality […] to increase labour force participation thus adding to growth and social cohesion”. If we consider that on the one hand, social economy is fairly recognised to be equated with market actors and the State for its economic and social role in tackling the current crisis, and on the other hand, that the ideals of the sector, systematised in the “Framework Law of Social Economy” (Law no. 30/2013 8th of May), particularly in article 5 proposing “the respect for the values […] of equality and non-discrimination […], justice and equity […]”, we aim to reflect on indicators that uncover a vertical and horizontal segregation in the labour market. Departing from a mixed methodological approach (extensive and intensive), subject to the topic of "Social Entrepreneurship in Portugal" in social economy organisations, we detect very high rates of employment feminisation, with a ratio of 1 man (23%) for every 3 women (77%). Women are mainly earmarked for technical and operational activities, arising from the privileged intervention areas, namely education, training, health, elderly, families, poverty, ultimately being underrepresented in statutory boards and, as such, far removed from deliberations and strategic resolutions. This is particularly visible in the existing hierarchy of functions and management practices of the responsibility of male members. Thus, it seems easily verified that the sector is travelling away from the ideals of justice and social equity, which can crystallise the "non-place" of women in the definition of a strategic direction of social economy and in the most invisible/private “place” of the organisational setting.

Aplicação do modelo escoras e tirantes a vigas parede de acordo com o Eurocódigo 2:2010

O Modelo Escoras e Tirantes surgiu no início do Século XX quando Ritter e Mörsch estabeleceram a analogia entre uma treliça clássica e uma viga de betão armado. Desde então pesquisadores têm estudado esse modelo como método de dimensionamento. A partir dos anos 90 várias normas apresentaram a utilização do modelo escoras e tirantes como relevante no dimensionamento de elementos de betão armado. Os critérios de segurança do Modelo Escoras e Tirantes são neste trabalho explicados de acordo com o Eurocódigo 2:2010, e comparadas com as normas NBR 6118:2014 e ACI 318:2011. É unanime dizer que a utilização do método torna-se mais vantajosa para regiões de descontinuidade. Em todos os elementos de betão armado, o Método Escoras e Tirantes são representações dos campos de tensão idealizados por elementos comprimidos e tracionados. Para a definição destes elementos é proposto o processo de “caminho de carga” em que conhecidas as tensões elásticas e suas direções principais utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos o modelo das escoras e tirantes é de fácil concepção. É também possível a definição deste a partir de modelos padrão já concebidos para determinados tipos de elementos estruturais de betão armado. Para o elemento descontinuo viga-parede estudado foram apresentados cinco modelos de cálculo até otimizar a solução validando as tensões com o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Em todos os modelos foram analisadas a definição do Modelo Escoras e Tirantes, a resistência das escoras, dos tirantes e dos nós até chegar à solução construtiva da viga-parede. Concluiu-se que a definição do modelo é a chave do dimensionamento.