23 resultados para Bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas
Resumo:
This research work aims to study the use of peanut hulls, an agricultural and food industry waste, for copper and lead removal through equilibrium and kinetic parameters evaluation. Equilibrium batch studies were performed in a batch adsorber. The influence of initial pH was evaluated (3–5) and it was selected between 4.0 and 4.5. The maximum sorption capacities obtained for the Langmuir model were 0.21 ± 0.03 and 0.18 ± 0.02 mmol/g, respectively for copper and lead. In bi-component systems, competitive sorption of copper and lead was verified, the total amount adsorbed being around 0.21 mmol of metal per gram of material in both mono and bi-component systems. In the kinetic studies equilibrium was reached after 200 min contact time using a 400 rpm stirring rate, achieving 78% and 58% removal, in mono-component system, for copper and lead respectively. Their removal follows a pseudo-second-order kinetics. These studies show that most of the metals removal occurred in the first 20 min of contact, which shows a good uptake rate in all systems.
Resumo:
As a result of the stressful conditions in aquaculture facilities there is a high risk of bacterial infections among cultured fish. Chlortetracycline (CTC) is one of the antimicrobials used to solve this problem. It is a broad spectrum antibacterial active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Numerous analytical methods for screening, identifying, and quantifying CTC in animal products have been developed over the years. An alternative and advantageous method should rely on expeditious and efficient procedures providing highly specific and sensitive measurements in food samples. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) could meet these criteria. The only ISE reported in literature for this purpose used traditional electro-active materials. A selectivity enhancement could however be achieved after improving the analyte recognition by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Several MIP particles were synthesized and used as electro-active materials. ISEs based in methacrylic acid monomers showed the best analytical performance according to slope (62.5 and 68.6 mV/decade) and detection limit (4.1×10−5 and 5.5×10−5 mol L−1). The electrodes displayed good selectivity. The ISEs are not affected by pH changes ranging from 2.5 to 13. The sensors were successfully applied to the analysis of serum, urine and fish samples.
Resumo:
Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sorption to soil is a key process deciding the transport and fate of PAH, and potential toxic impacts in the soil and groundwater ecosystems, for example in connection with atmospheric PAH deposition on soils. There are numerous studies on PAH sorption in relatively low organic porous media such as urban soils and groundwater sediments, but less attention has been given to cultivated soils. In this study, the phenanthrene partition coefficient, KD (liter per kilogram), was measured on 143 cultivated Danish soils (115 topsoils, 0–0.25-m soil depth and 28 subsoils, 0.25–1-m depth) by the single-point adsorption method. The organic carbon partition coefficient, KOC (liter per kilogram) for topsoils was found generally to fall between the KOC values estimated by the two most frequently used models for PAH partitioning, the Abdul et al. (Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials 4(3):211– 222, 1987) model and Karickhoff et al. (Water Research 13:241–248, 1979) model. A less-recognized model by Karickhoff (Chemosphere 10:833–846, 1981), yielding a KOC of 14,918 Lkg−1, closely corresponded to the average measured KOC value for the topsoils, and this model is therefore recommended for prediction of phenanthrene mobility in cultivated topsoils. For lower subsoils (0.25–1-m depth), the KOC values were closer to and mostly below the estimate by the Abdul et al. (Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials 4(3):211–222, 1987) model. This implies a different organic matter composition and higher PAH sorption strength in cultivated topsoils, likely due to management effects including more rapid carbon turnover. Finally, we applied the recent Dexter et al. (Geoderma 144:620–627, 2008) theorem, and calculated the complexed organic carbon and non-complexed organic carbon fractions (COC and NCOC, grams per gram). Multiple regression analyses showed that the NCOC-based phenanthrene partition coefficient (KNCOC) could be markedly higher than the COCbased partition coefficient (KCOC) for soils with a clay/OC ratio <10. This possibly higher PAH sorption affinity to the NCOC fraction needs further investigations to develop more realistic and accurate models for PAH mobility and effects in the environment, also with regard to colloid-facilitated PAH transport.
Resumo:
Introdução: Algumas anomalias fetais podem colocar sérios riscos para a saúde materna ou estar associadas a uma diminuição acentuada da qualidade de vida do novo ser em formação, ou ainda, ser incompatíveis com a vida do mesmo. O Rastreio Pré-natal (RPN) é um teste que se destina a seleccionar gravidezes com um risco aumentado de apresentarem um feto com malformações. O desenvolvimento de métodos de rastreio pré-natal de anomalias cromossómicas teve grande impacto no diagnóstico pré-natal (DPN). Tradicionalmente, a idade materna era vista como o principal teste de rastreio, pelo que todas as mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 35 anos são aconselhadas a realizar amniocentese. Actualmente maioria das amniocenteses já não são realizadas exclusivamente com base na idade materna, mas com base nos resultados dos teste de rastreio actualmente recomendados, devem-se oferecer a todas as grávidas a possibilidade de efectuarem os testes de rastreio pré-natal uma vez que estes são universais, pois aconselhar a amniocentese a todas as mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 35 anos, apresenta baixa capacidade diagnóstica, uma vez que quer neste estudo, quer noutros estudos publicados, apresentam evidência de malformações fetais em mulheres com idade inferior aos 35 anos. Novos testes de rastreio pré-natal, assim a sua combinação, possibilita a determinação do risco de desenvolver um feto com estas anomalias com elevada probabilidade. As malformações genéticas estão associadas a elevada morbilidade e mortalidade. Os testes de rastreio pré-natal assumem especial importância, uma vez que, permitem a sua detecção, ainda numa fase precoce. O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade diagnóstica dos marcadores bioquímicos analisando os resultados dos diferentes métodos de rastreio pré-natal numa amostra de grávidas que realizaram amniocentese. A população deste estudo foi os registos das amniocenteses, das mulheres grávidas do Serviço de Obstetrícia do Hospital de Santo António -CHP. Resultados: Foram recolhidos 722 registos de amniocenteses, 540 foram realizadas com base na idade materna, 144 no resultado positivo do rastreio bioquímico e 38 com base nos dados ecográficos. No total, 697 (96,5%) das amniocenteses foram negativas e 25 (3,5%) positivas. Relativamente aos testes bioquímicos de rastreio, verificamos que existe uma proporção de 7,64% (n=11) de verdadeiros positivos, e 92,36% (n=133) de falsos positivos. Conclusão: Não existem evidências para afirmar que os marcadores bioquímicos de rastreio pré-natal tenham capacidade diagnóstica, mas tem grande utilidade clínica na detecção do risco de malformações fetais, e por isso mesmo, segundo as ultimas recomendações de consenso, o RPN e o DPN devem estar disponíveis para todas as mulheres que iniciem a sua rotina pré-natal antes das 20 semanas de gestação, independentemente da sua idade.
Resumo:
Antibacterial activity of novel Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Ionic Liquids (API-ILs) based on ampicillin anion [Amp] have been evaluated. They showed growth inhibition and bactericidal properties on some sensitive bacteria and especially some Gram-negative resistant bacteria when compared to the [Na][Amp] and the initial bromide and chloride salts. For these studies were analysed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBIC) against sensitive Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumonia (clinically isolated), as well as sensitive Gram positive S. Aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis and completed using clinically isolated resistent strains: E. coli TEM CTX M9, E. coli CTX M2 and E. coli AmpC Mox. From the obtained MIC values of studied APIs-ILs and standard [Na][Amp] were derived RDIC values (relative decrease of inhibitory concentration). High RDIC values of [C16Pyr][Amp] especially against two resistant Gram-negative strains E. coli TEM CTX M9 (RDIC>1000) and E. coli CTX M2 (RDIC>100) point clearly to a potential promising role of APIs-ILs as antimicrobial drugs especially against resistant bacterial strains.
Resumo:
As quinoxalinas são compostos heterocíclicos que têm, entre outras, capacidades antimicrobianas, inclusivamente contra bactérias resistentes aos antimicrobianos convencionais. Os mecanismos pelos quais estes compostos exercem a sua atividade ainda não está completamente esclarecido. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o efeito redox em sinergismo/antagonismo com as quinoxalinas em modelos de bactérias com e sem resistências a antimicrobianos. No que se refere aos compostos foram utilizados a quinoxalina 1,4-dióxido (QNX), 2-metil-3-benzilquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2M3BQNX), 2-metilquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2MQNX) e a 2-amino-3-cianoquinoxalina-1,4-dióxido (2A3CQNX). Quanto aos modelos procariotas, foram utilizados a Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli TEM 201 e Escherichia coli TEM 180. Nos compostos químicos em que se verificou a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (CMI), realizou-se o estudo do comportamento do crescimento bacteriano. Relativamente ao estado redox, foi avaliado para cada estirpe sensível, através do rácio GSH/GSSG, nas doses inibitórias e não inibitórias de cada composto. Os resultados apresentam que todos os compostos testados, à exceção do 2M3BQNX, têm atividade antimicrobiana na maioria das estirpes, excetuando a E. faecalis e a S. saprophyticus. Os rácios GSH/GSSG apontam para o efeito oxidante em K. pneumoniae e S. enterica e antioxidante na E. aerogenes. A conclusão do estudo sugere que os compostos apresentam elevada capacidade antibacteriana e influência no equilíbrio redox das bactérias, podendo contribuir para o esclarecimento do mecanismo de ação dos derivados das quinoxalinas 1-4 dióxido, nas bactérias.
Resumo:
As a result of the stressful conditions in aquaculture facilities there is a high risk of bacterial infections among cultured fish. Chlortetracycline (CTC) is one of the antimicrobials used to solve this problem. It is a broad spectrum antibacterial active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Numerous analytical methods for screening, identifying, and quantifying CTC in animal products have been developed over the years. An alternative and advantageous method should rely on expeditious and efficient procedures providing highly specific and sensitive measurements in food samples. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) could meet these criteria. The only ISE reported in literature for this purpose used traditional electro-active materials. A selectivity enhancement could however be achieved after improving the analyte recognition by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Several MIP particles were synthesized and used as electro-active materials. ISEs based in methacrylic acid monomers showed the best analytical performance according to slope (62.5 and 68.6 mV/decade) and detection limit (4.1 × 10−5 and 5.5 × 10−5 mol L−1). The electrodes displayed good selectivity. The ISEs are not affected by pH changes ranging from 2.5 to 13. The sensors were successfully applied to the analysis of serum, urine and fish samples.
Resumo:
Eight new peptides were isolated from the skin secretion of the frog Leptodactylus pustulatus and their amino acid sequences determined by de novo sequencing and by cDNA cloning. Structural similarities between them and other antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretion of Leptodactylus genus frogs were found. Ocellatins-PT1 to -PT5 (25 amino acid residues) are amidated at the C-terminus, while ocellatins-PT6 to -PT8 (32 amino acid residues) have free carboxylates. Antimicrobial activity, hemolytic tests, and cytotoxicity against a murine fibroblast cell line were investigated. All peptides, except for ocellatin-PT2, have antimicrobial activity against at least one Gram negative strain. Ocellatin-PT8 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella choleraesuis strains with MICs in the 60−240 μM range. No significant effect was observed in human erythrocytes and in a murine fibroblast cell line after exposure to the peptides at MICs. A comparison between sequences obtained by both direct HPLC-MS de novo sequencing and cDNA cloning demonstrates the secretion of mature peptides derived from a pre-pro-peptide structure.