Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement

Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68–200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources.

Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air of an Urban Area: Dose Implications for Elderly

Due to their detrimental effects on human health, the scientific interest in ultrafine particles (UFP) has been increasing, but available information is far from comprehensive. Compared to the remaining population, the elderly are potentially highly susceptible to the effects of outdoor air pollution. Thus, this study aimed to (1) determine the levels of outdoor pollutants in an urban area with emphasis on UFP concentrations and (2) estimate the respective dose rates of exposure for elderly populations. UFP were continuously measured over 3 weeks at 3 sites in north Portugal: 2 urban (U1 and U2) and 1 rural used as reference (R1). Meteorological parameters and outdoor pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were also measured. The dose rates of inhalation exposure to UFP were estimated for three different elderly age categories: 64–70, 71–80, and >81 years. Over the sampling period levels of PM10, O3 and NO2 were in compliance with European legislation. Mean UFP were 1.7 × 104 and 1.2 × 104 particles/cm3 at U1 and U2, respectively, whereas at rural site levels were 20–70% lower (mean of 1 ×104 particles/cm3). Vehicular traffic and local emissions were the predominant identified sources of UFP at urban sites. In addition, results of correlation analysis showed that UFP were meteorologically dependent. Exposure dose rates were 1.2- to 1.4-fold higher at urban than reference sites with the highest levels noted for adults at 71–80 yr, attributed mainly to higher inhalation rates.

Expectation Gap na gestão e fiscalização de municipios

Nota: 18 valores

Consumption Management of Air Conditioning Devices for the Participation in Demand Response Programs

Demand Response has been taking over the years an extreme importance. There’s a lot of demand response programs, one of them proposed in this paper, using air conditioners that could increase the power quality and decrease the spent money in many ways like: infrastructures and customers energy bill reduction. This paper proposes a method and a study on how air conditioners could integrate demand response programs. The proposed method has been modelled as an energy resources management optimization problem. This paper presents two case studies, the first one with all costumers participating and second one with some of costumers. The results obtained for both case studies have been analyzed.

Impacto da influência de um Sistema de Gestão Técnica Centralizada na redução dos custos de exploração de um edifício

É de conhecimento do meio, que os Sistemas de Gestão Técnica Centralizada (SGTC) são uma mais-valia para a redução de utilização de energia associados principalmente aos sistemas de Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar Condicionado (AVAC) apesar das potencialidades serem abrangentes a outras áreas. No entanto, existe alguma lacuna quanto à quantificação dessa mais-valia, facto importante sobretudo para a alteração de mentalidades dos promotores e proprietários dos edifícios, que por falta de prova, normalmente apenas associam o SGTC a um investimento num serviço desnecessário. As potencialidades dos SGTC são muitas, a título de exemplo, redução na utilização de fontes de energia, gestão da manutenção de sistemas e equipamentos, análise de eficiências de equipamentos, entre muitas outras, sendo nesta dissertação estudado com mais profundidade a questão associada à diferença dos custos de exploração resultantes da utilização de energia num edifício por parte dos sistemas de AVAC, isto é, quais serão os ganhos na utilização da energia, associados ao sistema AVAC, que podem ser obtidos com a implementação de um SGTC. Para o efeito, utilizou-se os sistemas e equipamentos existentes no edifício ECOTERMOLAB, pertencente ao Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade (ISQ), com o objetivo de verificar as diferenças de utilização de energia resultantes do funcionamento do edifício em normal atividade, isto é, o edifício com todos os seus sistemas operacionais, incluindo o SGTC, e o edifício em funcionamento sem o auxílio do SGTC, ou seja, todos os sistemas associados ao sistema AVAC em funcionamento em modo manual e sem recurso a variação de caudal na rede aeráulica e hidráulica. Em termos anuais, o ECOTERMOLAB consome, aproximadamente, cerca de 38,1 MWh de energia elétrica e 39,2 MWh de gás natural, o que representa uma utilização de energia primária de 14,4 tep/ano. Esta energia, representa um encargo financeiro anual de, aproximadamente, 9500€/ano, correspondente a 7000€/ano de energia elétrica e 2500€/ano de gás natural. Após a análise desenvolvida neste trabalho, conclui-se que o funcionamento do edifício sem controlo do sistema de AVAC por SGTC representaria em termos anuais a um aumento de, aproximadamente, 25,2 MWh e 6,2 MWh de energia elétrica e de gás natural, respetivamente. Em termos de energia primária, a diferença entre soluções origina um acréscimo na utilização de energia de 7,8 tep/ano o que representa um aumento de emissão de CO2 na ordem das 9,4 ton/ano. A avaliação económica, recaiu sobre a determinação de indicadores para avaliação da viabilidade de implementação de um SGTC, nomeadamente, o período de retorno simples, o valor atual líquido e a taxa interna de rentabilidade. Todos estes indicadores se revelaram positivos, apresentando um período de retorno ligeiramente superior a oito anos, um valor atual líquido positivo (8864,1€) e uma taxa interna de rentabilidade superior à taxa de custo de capital (11,2%).

Trace Elements in Ambient Air at Porto Metropolitan Area—Checking for Compliance with New European Union (Eu) Air Quality Standards

Because of the scientific evidence showing that arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) are human genotoxic carcinogens, the European Union (EU) recently set target values for metal concentration in ambient air (As: 6 ng/m3, Cd: 5 ng/m3, Ni: 20 ng/m3). The aim of our study was to determine the concentration levels of these trace elements in Porto Metropolitan Area (PMA) in order to assess whether compliance was occurring with these new EU air quality standards. Fine (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) air particles were collected from October 2011 to July 2012 at two different (urban and suburban) locations in PMA. Samples were analyzed for trace elements content by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study focused on determination of differences in trace elements concentration between the two sites, and between PM2.5 and PM10, in order to gather information regarding emission sources. Except for chromium (Cr), the concentration of all trace elements was higher at the urban site. However, results for As, Cd, Ni, and lead (Pb) were well below the EU limit/target values (As: 1.49 ± 0.71 ng/m3; Cd: 1.67 ± 0.92 ng/m3; Ni: 3.43 ± 3.23 ng/m3; Pb: 17.1 ± 10.1 ng/m3) in the worst-case scenario. Arsenic, Cd, Ni, Pb, antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were predominantly associated to PM2.5, indicating that anthropogenic sources such as industry and road traffic are the main source of these elements. High enrichment factors (EF > 100) were obtained for As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn, further confirming their anthropogenic origin.