Mathematical modelling of supercritical CO2 extraction of volatile oils from aromatic plants

The modelling of the experimental data of the extraction of the volatile oil from six aromatic plants (coriander, fennel, savoury, winter savoury, cotton lavender and thyme) was performed using five mathematical models, based on differential mass balances. In all cases the extraction was internal diffusion controlled and the internal mass transfer coefficienty (k(s)) have been found to change with pressure, temperature and particle size. For fennel, savoury and cotton lavender, the external mass transfer and the equilibrium phase also influenced the second extraction period, since k(s) changed with the tested flow rates. In general, the axial dispersion coefficient could be neglected for the conditions studied, since Peclet numbers were high. On the other hand, the solute-matrix interaction had to be considered in order to ensure a satisfactory description of the experimental data.

Surge damping analysis in pipe systems: modelling and experiments

The current study focuses on the analysis of pressure surge damping in single pipeline systems generated by a fast change of flow, conditions. A dimensionless form of pressurised transient flow equations was developed. presenting the main advantage of being independent of the system characteristics. In lack of flow velocity profiles. the unsteady friction in turbulent regimes is analysed based on two new empirical corrective-coefficients associated with local and convective acceleration terms. A new, surge damping approach is also presented taking into account the pressure peak time variation. The observed attenuation effect in the pressure wave for high deformable pipe materials can be described by a combination of the non-elastic behaviour of the pipe-wall with steady and unsteady friction effects. Several simulations and experimental tests have been carried out. in order to analyse the dynamic response of single pipelines with different characteristics, such as pipe materials. diameters. thickness. lengths and transient conditions.

Modelling of n-stage Blumlein stacked lines for bipolar pulse generation

A Blumlein line is a particular Pulse Forming Line, PFL, configuration that allows the generation of high-voltage sub-microsecond square pulses, with the same voltage amplitude as the dc charging voltage, into a matching load. By stacking n Blumlein lines one can multiply in theory by n the input dc voltage charging amplitude. In order to understand the operating behavior of this electromagnetic system and to further optimize its operation it is fundamental to theoretically model it, that is to calculate the voltage amplitudes at each circuit point and the time instant that happens. In order to do this, one needs to define the reflection and transmission coefficients where impedance discontinuity occurs. The experimental results of a fast solid-state switch, which discharges a three stage Blumlein stack, will be compared with theoretical ones.

Elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beams applied to rotary machinery modelling

Facing the lateral vibration problem of a machine rotor as a beam on elastic supports in bending, the authors deal with the free vibration of elastically restrained Bernoulli-Euler beams carrying a finite number of concentrated elements along their length. Based on Rayleigh's quotient, an iterative strategy is developed to find the approximated torsional stiffness coefficients, which allows the reconciliation between the theoretical model results and the experimental ones, obtained through impact tests. The mentioned algorithm treats the vibration of continuous beams under a determined set of boundary and continuity conditions, including different torsional stiffness coefficients and the effect of attached concentrated masses and rotational inertias, not only in the energetic terms of the Rayleigh's quotient but also on the mode shapes, considering the shape functions defined in branches. Several loading cases are examined and examples are given to illustrate the validity of the model and accuracy of the obtained natural frequencies.

Modelling a Rotating Shaft as an Elastically Restrained Bernoulli-Euler Beam

Industrial rotating machines may be exposed to severe dynamic excitations due to resonant working regimes. Dealing with the bending vibration, problem of a machine rotor, the shaft - and attached discs - can be simply modelled using the Bernoulli-Euler beam theory, as a continuous beam subjected to a specific set of boundary conditions. In this study, the authors recall Rayleigh's method to propose an iterative strategy, which allows for the determination of natural frequencies and mode shapes of continuous beams taking into account the effect of attached concentrated masses and rotational inertias, including different stiffness coefficients at the right and the left end sides. The algorithm starts with the exact solutions from Bernoulli-Euler's beam theory, which are then updated through Rayleigh's quotient parameters. Several loading cases are examined in comparison with the experimental data and examples are presented to illustrate the validity of the model and the accuracy of the obtained values.

Modelling and aerodynamic simulation of a vehicle and failure analysis of a laminated front fender

Master Thesis in Mechanical Engineering field of Maintenance and Production

Conceptual analogy for modelling entrapped air action in hydraulic systems

Hydraulic systems are dynamically susceptible in the presence of entrapped air pockets, leading to amplified transient reactions. In order to model the dynamic action of an entrapped air pocket in a confined system, a heuristic mathematical formulation based on a conceptual analogy to a mechanical spring-damper system is proposed. The formulation is based on the polytropic relationship of an ideal gas and includes an additional term, which encompasses the combined damping effects associated with the thermodynamic deviations from the theoretical transformation, as well as those arising from the transient vorticity developed in both fluid domains (air and water). These effects represent the key factors that account for flow energy dissipation and pressure damping. Model validation was completed via numerical simulation of experimental measurements.

Railway vehicle modelling for the vehicle-track interaction compatibility analysis

Railway vehicle homologation, with respect to running dynamics, is addressed via dedicated norms. The results required, such as, accelerations and/or wheel-rail contact forces, obtained from experimental tests or simulations, must be available. Multibody dynamics allows the modelling of railway vehicles and their representation in real operations conditions, being the realism of the multibody models greatly influenced by the modelling assumptions. In this paper, two alternative multibody models of the Light Rail Vehicle 2000 (LRV) are constructed and simulated in a realistic railway track scenarios. The vehicle-track interaction compatibility analysis consists of two stages: the use of the simplified method described in the norm "UIC 518-Testing and Approval of Railway Vehicles from the Point of View of their Dynamic Behaviour-Safety-Track Fatigue-Running Behaviour" for decision making; and, visualization inspection of the vehicle motion with respect to the track via dedicated tools for understanding the mechanisms involved.

Caracterização do comportamento dinâmico de um edifício de dois pisos: estudo experimental e numérico

Os sismos são fenómenos naturais, que ao longo da história têm sido responsáveis por enormes perdas, tanto materiais como humanas. Grande parte dessas perdas, resultam dos danos provocados em construções existentes. Com o intuito de minimizar os estragos provocados pelas acções sísmicas, estudam-se várias hipóteses de reforço para assim melhorar o comportamento sísmico do património edificado. Para reforçar determinada estrutura com vista a melhorar o seu comportamento sob acções sísmicas, torna-se fundamental caracteriza-la dinamicamente para assim avaliar o seu desempenho sísmico. Uma das formas mais usuais para caracterizar o comportamento dinâmico de estruturas é a realização de ensaios de vibração, e o desenvolvimento de modelos numéricos devidamente calibrados que representem adequadamente as características dinâmicas das estruturas. É com base nos modelos numéricos que se verifica se determinada estrutura necessita ou não de reforço e, no caso de necessitar, se escolhe a melhor opção de reforço.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of secondary metabolites from Agaricus blazei: experiments and modelling

The mycelium and young fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei were submitted to supercritical CO2 extraction, in a modified commercial flow apparatus, at temperatures from 40 to 80 ºC, pressures up to 600 bar and CO2 flow-rates from 2.0 to 9.0 g.min-1. The best extraction conditions of secondary metabolites, whereby the degree of solubilization (g extract/100 g of fungi) is the highest, was obtained with pure CO2 at 400 bar, 70 ºC and a CO2 flow rate of 5.7g.min-1. The extract in that conditions were analysed by GC-Ms. In order to increase the extraction yield of secondary metabolites, which are mostly present in glycolipid fractions, a polar compound (ethanol) was used as co-solvent in the proportions of 5 and 10 % (mol/mol). The presence of ethanol increased the yield when compared with the extraction with pure CO2. Moreover, a simple model was applied to the supercritical CO2 extraction of secondary metabolites from Agaricus blazei.

(Virtual) Agents for running electricity markets

This paper describes a multi-agent based simulation (MABS) framework to construct an artificial electric power market populated with learning agents. The artificial market, named TEMMAS (The Electricity Market Multi-Agent Simulator), explores the integration of two design constructs: (i) the specification of the environmental physical market properties and (ii) the specification of the decision-making (deliberative) and reactive agents. TEMMAS is materialized in an experimental setup involving distinct power generator companies that operate in the market and search for the trading strategies that best exploit their generating units' resources. The experimental results show a coherent market behavior that emerges from the overall simulated environment.

Tsunami vulnerability assessment of Casablanca-Morocco using numerical modelling and GIS tools

Earthquakes and tsunamis along Morocco's coasts have been reported since historical times. The threat posed by tsunamis must be included in coastal risk studies. This study focuses on the tsunami impact and vulnerability assessment of the Casablanca harbour and surrounding area using a combination of tsunami inundation numerical modelling, field survey data and geographic information system. The tsunami scenario used here is compatible with the 1755 Lisbon event that we considered to be the worst case tsunami scenario. Hydrodynamic modelling was performed with an adapted version of the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami Model from Cornell University. The simulation covers the eastern domain of the Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone corresponding to the largest tsunamigenic area in the North Atlantic. The proposed vulnerability model attempts to provide an insight into the tsunami vulnerability of building stock. Results in the form of a vulnerability map will be useful for decision makers and local authorities in preventing the community resiliency for tsunami hazards.

Verificação experimental do comportamento térmico de uma fachada de dupla pele com ventilação natural

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento térmico de uma fachada de dupla pele com ventilação natural. A avaliação foi efectuada para uma célula de teste que permite adaptar várias configurações de fachada para a qual foram registados dados num determinado período de tempo através de um sistema de aquisição de dados. Os dados registados foram devidamente tratados e comparados para as diversas configurações. Para as configurações testadas, utilizaram-se dois parâmetros adimensionais que permitiram a comparação da capacidade de pré aquecer o ar (aplicável à estação de aquecimento) e de isolar dinamicamente (aplicável à estação de arrefecimento). Foram comparados os desempenhos da fachada quando a funcionar com os sistemas de sombreamento por persiana veneziana e por cortina têxtil. Em pré aquecimento, o fluxo de insuflação mostrou-se uma boa opção. Em isolamento dinâmico, a fachada retira o melhor partido do fluxo de extracção. Os resultados obtidos para os sistemas de sombreamento recaem a favor do sombreamento por persiana veneziana. As medições efectuadas na célula de teste vêm permitir futuros estudos de comparação com métodos de simulação numérica. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a sensibilidade das fachadas de dupla pele ao clima onde se inserem. Contudo, os resultados obtidos não demonstram por si só a veracidade do desempenho desta tecnologia no clima em Portugal.

Risco e incerteza no pensamento biomédico: notas teóricas sobre o advento da quantificação e da prova experimental na medicina moderna

A biomedicina é um domínio do saber no qual a proliferação do conceito de risco se tem evidenciado de forma expressiva, o que revela uma preocupação em proceder ao controlo sistemático dos problemas através de um modelo de racionalização instrumental. Tal procedimento é elucidativo do investimento que é feito na interpretação das incertezas como riscos. Consequentemente, a dimensão estatística que lhe está associada é cada vez mais um dos principais traços do seu perfil científico. Biomedicine is a field where the concept of risk has shown an impressive increase in its importance. This fact demonstrates a concern with a systematic problem control through an instrumental rationalizing model, expressing eloquently the investment being made in interpreting uncertainty as risk and the consequent statistical dimension as an ever-more quintessential feature of its scientific profile.

Caracterização experimental e numérica do desempenho térmico de um edifício "gaioleiro": identificação de oportunidades de melhoria

O sector dos edifícios é responsável por uma percentagem significativa dos consumos de energia primária e de energia eléctrica em Portugal, associada principalmente ao conforto térmico dos seus ocupantes. A União Europeia pretende uma redução de 20%, até 2020, dos consumos de energia e consequentes emissões de CO2 através da melhoria da eficiência energética dos edifícios públicos e residenciais. Em Portugal, o Plano Nacional para a Eficiência Energética (PNAEE) tem por objectivo obter uma poupança anual de energia de pelo menos 1% até ao ano de 2016, tomando como base a média de consumos de energia final, registados entre 2001 e 2005. Neste contexto, os edifícios anteriores a 1990 (primeira versão do RCCTE) podem apresentar um potencial significativo de melhoria da sua eficiência energética com base na sua reabilitação. Os edifícios “Gaioleiros” (1880 – 1930) constituindo uma parte importante do património histórico da cidade de Lisboa, para os quais a informação sobre o seu desempenho térmico é limitada, considerou-se pertinente efectuar um estudo destinado à sua caracterização experimental e numérica, face à especificidade do comportamento térmico das suas paredes caracterizadas pela elevada espessura. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se a metodologia e os resultados experimentais da medição da resistência térmica das paredes e da medição das necessidades térmicas de aquecimento da habitação. Estes resultados experimentais foram utilizados na validação do modelo de simulação térmica da habitação, que posteriormente serviu para avaliar as suas necessidades térmicas de aquecimento (Nic) e de arrefecimento (Nvc), identificar oportunidades de melhoria e avaliar o respectivo potencial de reabilitação. Neste trabalho, como contributos para uma reabilitação sustentável, apresentam-se avaliações de oportunidades de melhoria com base em estratégias de reforço do isolamento térmico. Dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que melhorando o isolamento térmico das paredes e vãos envidraçados é possível baixar consideravelmente os consumos de energia associados à habitação, cumprindo assim as exigências estabelecidas no RCCTE ao nível dos requisitos de qualidade térmica da envolvente e consumos energéticos para edifícios novos e grandes reabilitações.