Scaling of the elastic contribution to the surface free energy of a nematic liquid crystal on a sawtoothed substrate

We characterize the elastic contribution to the surface free energy of a nematic liquid crystal in the presence of a sawtooth substrate. Our findings are based on numerical minimization of the Landau-de Gennes model and analytical calculations on the Frank-Oseen theory. The nucleation of disclination lines (characterized by non-half-integer winding numbers) in the wedges and apexes of the substrate induces a leading order proportional to q ln q to the elastic contribution to the surface free-energy density, with q being the wave number associated with the substrate periodicity.

Scaling law in Saddle-node bifurcations for one-dimensional maps: A complex variable approach

The study of transient dynamical phenomena near bifurcation thresholds has attracted the interest of many researchers due to the relevance of bifurcations in different physical or biological systems. In the context of saddle-node bifurcations, where two or more fixed points collide annihilating each other, it is known that the dynamics can suffer the so-called delayed transition. This phenomenon emerges when the system spends a lot of time before reaching the remaining stable equilibrium, found after the bifurcation, because of the presence of a saddle-remnant in phase space. Some works have analytically tackled this phenomenon, especially in time-continuous dynamical systems, showing that the time delay, tau, scales according to an inverse square-root power law, tau similar to (mu-mu (c) )(-1/2), as the bifurcation parameter mu, is driven further away from its critical value, mu (c) . In this work, we first characterize analytically this scaling law using complex variable techniques for a family of one-dimensional maps, called the normal form for the saddle-node bifurcation. We then apply our general analytic results to a single-species ecological model with harvesting given by a unimodal map, characterizing the delayed transition and the scaling law arising due to the constant of harvesting. For both analyzed systems, we show that the numerical results are in perfect agreement with the analytical solutions we are providing. The procedure presented in this work can be used to characterize the scaling laws of one-dimensional discrete dynamical systems with saddle-node bifurcations.

Comporta de vigas: dimensionamento e análise estrutural

As comportas de vigas de fundo, objecto de estudo no presente trabalho, são essenciais devido à sua capacidade de controlo do fluxo de água em casos de emergência. Assim este trabalho visou o dimensionamento e análise estrutural de uma comporta dessa natureza. Para o seu dimensionamento foi essencial a norma DIN19704-1:1998, que define todos os padrões que devem ser levados em conta numa construção hidráulica em aço. Deste modo, após uma breve descrição do enquadramento e do estado da arte relativamente a este assunto, foram apresentados ao longo do trabalho, os cálculos dos principais componentes mecânicos que fazem parte dum projecto de uma comporta de vigas. Para comprovar a validade do dimensionamento da comporta realizado através da norma, recorreu-se a um software de análise e simulação por elementos finitos, COSMOSWorks, no sentido de assim prever o comportamento mecânico em análise estática linear, que as solicitações mecânicas em presença têm sobre a comporta. Os resultados da comparação entre o dimensionamento teórico e a análise de tensões através do COSMOSWorks nos elementos mais críticos da estrutura, permitem concluir globalmente que a comporta está bem dimensionada tendo em conta os esforços que tem de suportar.

Projecto e implementação de um sistema de alimentação para um transformador de alta tensão

Neste trabalho pretende-se estudar, dimensionar e implementar experimentalmente de um sistema de alimentação para transformadores de alta tensão a alta frequência. Este sistema será constituído por dois elementos principais, um rectificador monofásico em ponte totalmente controlado e por um inversor de tensão. Inicialmente realizou-se um estudo sobre as diferentes topologias possíveis para o rectificador considerando diferentes tipos de carga. Realizou-se, também, um estudo sobre o circuito de geração dos impulsos de disparo dos tiristores, executado com base num circuito integrado TCA 785, dimensionou-se os elementos constituintes do circuito de disparo, e de um sistema de controlo da tensão de saída do rectificador. Posteriormente estudou-se o funcionamento do inversor de tensão, definindo-se os modos de operação e dimensionou-se um circuito ressonante tendo em conta os parâmetros construtivos do transformador que se pretende utilizar. Finalmente procedeu-se à implementação prática dos sistemas previamente dimensionados e simulados e à apresentação dos respectivos resultados.

Projecto de estabilidade da Escola Superior de Enfermagem Artur Ravara

O presente trabalho, refere-se ao projecto de estabilidade, em betão armado e pré-esforçado, da Escola Superior de Enfermagem Artur Ravara, situada na zona da EXPO em Lisboa. O edifício apresenta-se com uma implantação em “L”, tendo como dimensões máximas 38,50m x 54,80m e desenvolve-se em altura por quatro pisos, dos quais, dois são enterrados. A estrutura do edifício em causa, apresenta duas juntas de dilatação, por forma a tornar desprezáveis os efeitos devidos à retracção e diminuição de temperatura, dividindo o edifício em três blocos. As suas fundações são indirectas, constituídas por estacas moldadas no terreno e respectivos maciços de encabeçamento. As lajes são fungiformes aligeiradas de moldes perdidos, de modo a permitir vencer maiores vãos, que variam entre os 6,60m e os 10,00m, e permitindo também maior rapidez de execução e maior economia. As consolas de 3,50m de vão, em laje maciça, são suportadas por vigas pré-esforçadas de secção variável. Para o cálculo automático da estrutura e da obtenção dos respectivos desenhos das armaduras, foi utilizado o programa de cálculo automático, Tricalc 7.1. O conteúdo do projecto em questão, sendo de carácter académico, não corresponde à versão real, à qual não se teve acesso. O dimensionamento das fundações, devido à fraca resistência dos solos e o dimensionamento da estrutura, devido à geometria e dimensões do edifício, permitiram enfrentar desafios interessantes. Tais desafios, deram possibilidade de enriquecer bastante os conhecimentos sobre a engenharia de estruturas.

Coexistence of Universal and Topological Anomalous Hall Effects in Metal CrO2 Thin Films in the Dirty Limit

The scaling exponent of 1.6 between anomalous Hall and longitudinal conductivity, characteristic of the universal Hall mechanism in dirty-metal ferromagnets, emerges from a series of CrO2 films as we systematically increase structural disorder. Magnetic disorder in CrO2 increases with temperature and this drives a separate topological Hall mechanism. We find that these terms are controlled discretely by structural and magnetic defect populations, and their coexistence leads to apparent divergence from exponent 1.6, suggesting that the universal term is more prevalent than previously realized.

The condensation and ordering of models of empty liquids

We consider a simple model consisting of particles with four bonding sites ("patches"), two of type A and two of type B, on the square lattice, and investigate its global phase behavior by simulations and theory. We set the interaction between B patches to zero and calculate the phase diagram as the ratio between the AB and the AA interactions, epsilon(AB)*, varies. In line with previous work, on three-dimensional off-lattice models, we show that the liquid-vapor phase diagram exhibits a re-entrant or "pinched" shape for the same range of epsilon(AB)*, suggesting that the ratio of the energy scales - and the corresponding empty fluid regime - is independent of the dimensionality of the system and of the lattice structure. In addition, the model exhibits an order-disorder transition that is ferromagnetic in the re-entrant regime. The use of low-dimensional lattice models allows the simulation of sufficiently large systems to establish the nature of the liquid-vapor critical points and to describe the structure of the liquid phase in the empty fluid regime, where the size of the "voids" increases as the temperature decreases. We have found that the liquid-vapor critical point is in the 2D Ising universality class, with a scaling region that decreases rapidly as the temperature decreases. The results of simulations and theoretical analysis suggest that the line of order-disorder transitions intersects the condensation line at a multi-critical point at zero temperature and density, for patchy particle models with a re-entrant, empty fluid, regime. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3657406]

Mapping atmospheric pollutants emissions in European countries

In this paper we present a methodology which enables the graphical representation, in a bi-dimensional Euclidean space, of atmospheric pollutants emissions in European countries. This approach relies on the use of Multidimensional Unfolding (MDU), an exploratory multivariate data analysis technique. This technique illustrates both the relationships between the emitted gases and the gases and their geographical origins. The main contribution of this work concerns the evaluation of MDU solutions. We use simulated data to define thresholds for the model fitting measures, allowing the MDU output quality evaluation. The quality assessment of the model adjustment is thus carried out as a step before interpretation of the gas types and geographical origins results. The MDU maps analysis generates useful insights, with an immediate substantive result and enables the formulation of hypotheses for further analysis and modeling.

The use of non-standard CT conversion ramps for Monte Carlo verification of 6 MV prostate IMRT plans

Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithms have been widely used to verify the accuracy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) dose distributions computed by conventional algorithms due to the ability to precisely account for the effects of tissue inhomogeneities and multileaf collimator characteristics. Both algorithms present, however, a particular difference in terms of dose calculation and report. Whereas dose from conventional methods is traditionally computed and reported as the water-equivalent dose (Dw), MC dose algorithms calculate and report dose to medium (Dm). In order to compare consistently both methods, the conversion of MC Dm into Dw is therefore necessary. This study aims to assess the effect of applying the conversion of MC-based Dm distributions to Dw for prostate IMRT plans generated for 6 MV photon beams. MC phantoms were created from the patient CT images using three different ramps to convert CT numbers into material and mass density: a conventional four material ramp (CTCREATE) and two simplified CT conversion ramps: (1) air and water with variable densities and (2) air and water with unit density. MC simulations were performed using the BEAMnrc code for the treatment head simulation and the DOSXYZnrc code for the patient dose calculation. The conversion of Dm to Dw by scaling with the stopping power ratios of water to medium was also performed in a post-MC calculation process. The comparison of MC dose distributions calculated in conventional and simplified (water with variable densities) phantoms showed that the effect of material composition on dose-volume histograms (DVH) was less than 1% for soft tissue and about 2.5% near and inside bone structures. The effect of material density on DVH was less than 1% for all tissues through the comparison of MC distributions performed in the two simplified phantoms considering water. Additionally, MC dose distributions were compared with the predictions from an Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS), which employed a pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm with Modified Batho Power Law heterogeneity correction. Eclipse PBC and MC calculations (conventional and simplified phantoms) agreed well (<1%) for soft tissues. For femoral heads, differences up to 3% were observed between the DVH for Eclipse PBC and MC calculated in conventional phantoms. The use of the CT conversion ramp of water with variable densities for MC simulations showed no dose discrepancies (0.5%) with the PBC algorithm. Moreover, converting Dm to Dw using mass stopping power ratios resulted in a significant shift (up to 6%) in the DVH for the femoral heads compared to the Eclipse PBC one. Our results show that, for prostate IMRT plans delivered with 6 MV photon beams, no conversion of MC dose from medium to water using stopping power ratio is needed. In contrast, MC dose calculations using water with variable density may be a simple way to solve the problem found using the dose conversion method based on the stopping power ratio.

Projeto de uma instalação de climatização para um edifício hospitalar

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecância

Partial utility-driven scheduling for flexible SLA and pricing arbitration in clouds

Cloud SLAs compensate customers with credits when average availability drops below certain levels. This is too inflexible because consumers lose non-measurable amounts of performance being only compensated later, in next charging cycles. We propose to schedule virtual machines (VMs), driven by range-based non-linear reductions of utility, different for classes of users and across different ranges of resource allocations: partial utility. This customer-defined metric, allows providers transferring resources between VMs in meaningful and economically efficient ways. We define a comprehensive cost model incorporating partial utility given by clients to a certain level of degradation, when VMs are allocated in overcommitted environments (Public, Private, Community Clouds). CloudSim was extended to support our scheduling model. Several simulation scenarios with synthetic and real workloads are presented, using datacenters with different dimensions regarding the number of servers and computational capacity. We show the partial utility-driven driven scheduling allows more VMs to be allocated. It brings benefits to providers, regarding revenue and resource utilization, allowing for more revenue per resource allocated and scaling well with the size of datacenters when comparing with an utility-oblivious redistribution of resources. Regarding clients, their workloads’ execution time is also improved, by incorporating an SLA-based redistribution of their VM’s computational power.

On chaos, transient chaos and ghosts in single populations models with allee effects

Density-dependent effects, both positive or negative, can have an important impact on the population dynamics of species by modifying their population per-capita growth rates. An important type of such density-dependent factors is given by the so-called Allee effects, widely studied in theoretical and field population biology. In this study, we analyze two discrete single population models with overcompensating density-dependence and Allee effects due to predator saturation and mating limitation using symbolic dynamics theory. We focus on the scenarios of persistence and bistability, in which the species dynamics can be chaotic. For the chaotic regimes, we compute the topological entropy as well as the Lyapunov exponent under ecological key parameters and different initial conditions. We also provide co-dimension two bifurcation diagrams for both systems computing the periods of the orbits, also characterizing the period-ordering routes toward the boundary crisis responsible for species extinction via transient chaos. Our results show that the topological entropy increases as we approach to the parametric regions involving transient chaos, being maximum when the full shift R(L)(infinity) occurs, and the system enters into the essential extinction regime. Finally, we characterize analytically, using a complex variable approach, and numerically the inverse square-root scaling law arising in the vicinity of a saddle-node bifurcation responsible for the extinction scenario in the two studied models. The results are discussed in the context of species fragility under differential Allee effects. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estágio curricular na empresa Consulfrio

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Projeto de fundações e estrutura de um hotel em Lisboa

Trabalho de Projeto para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas