3 resultados para Soft tissue infections

em Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa - Portugal


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Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithms have been widely used to verify the accuracy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) dose distributions computed by conventional algorithms due to the ability to precisely account for the effects of tissue inhomogeneities and multileaf collimator characteristics. Both algorithms present, however, a particular difference in terms of dose calculation and report. Whereas dose from conventional methods is traditionally computed and reported as the water-equivalent dose (Dw), MC dose algorithms calculate and report dose to medium (Dm). In order to compare consistently both methods, the conversion of MC Dm into Dw is therefore necessary. This study aims to assess the effect of applying the conversion of MC-based Dm distributions to Dw for prostate IMRT plans generated for 6 MV photon beams. MC phantoms were created from the patient CT images using three different ramps to convert CT numbers into material and mass density: a conventional four material ramp (CTCREATE) and two simplified CT conversion ramps: (1) air and water with variable densities and (2) air and water with unit density. MC simulations were performed using the BEAMnrc code for the treatment head simulation and the DOSXYZnrc code for the patient dose calculation. The conversion of Dm to Dw by scaling with the stopping power ratios of water to medium was also performed in a post-MC calculation process. The comparison of MC dose distributions calculated in conventional and simplified (water with variable densities) phantoms showed that the effect of material composition on dose-volume histograms (DVH) was less than 1% for soft tissue and about 2.5% near and inside bone structures. The effect of material density on DVH was less than 1% for all tissues through the comparison of MC distributions performed in the two simplified phantoms considering water. Additionally, MC dose distributions were compared with the predictions from an Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS), which employed a pencil beam convolution (PBC) algorithm with Modified Batho Power Law heterogeneity correction. Eclipse PBC and MC calculations (conventional and simplified phantoms) agreed well (<1%) for soft tissues. For femoral heads, differences up to 3% were observed between the DVH for Eclipse PBC and MC calculated in conventional phantoms. The use of the CT conversion ramp of water with variable densities for MC simulations showed no dose discrepancies (0.5%) with the PBC algorithm. Moreover, converting Dm to Dw using mass stopping power ratios resulted in a significant shift (up to 6%) in the DVH for the femoral heads compared to the Eclipse PBC one. Our results show that, for prostate IMRT plans delivered with 6 MV photon beams, no conversion of MC dose from medium to water using stopping power ratio is needed. In contrast, MC dose calculations using water with variable density may be a simple way to solve the problem found using the dose conversion method based on the stopping power ratio.

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Introdução – A estimativa da função renal relativa (FRR) através de cintigrafia renal (CR) com ácido dimercaptossuccínico marcado com tecnécio-99 metaestável (99mTc-DMSA) pode ser influenciada pela profundidade renal (PR), atendendo ao efeito de atenuação por parte dos tecidos moles que envolvem os rins. Dado que raramente é conhecida esta mesma PR, diferentes métodos de correção de atenuação (CA) foram desenvolvidos, nomeadamente os que utilizam fórmulas empíricas, como os de Raynaud, de Taylor ou de Tonnesen, ou recorrendo à aplicação direta da média geométrica (MG). Objetivos – Identificar a influência dos diferentes métodos de CA na quantificação da função renal relativa através da CR com 99mTc-DMSA e avaliar a respetiva variabilidade dos resultados de PR. Metodologia – Trinta e um pacientes com indicação para realização de CR com 99mTc-DMSA foram submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de aquisição. O processamento foi efetuado por dois operadores independentes, três vezes por exame, variando para o mesmo processamento o método de determinação da FRR: Raynaud, Taylor, Tonnesen, MG ou sem correção de atenuação (SCA). Aplicou-se o teste de Friedman para o estudo da influência dos diferentes métodos de CA e a correlação de Pearson para a associação e significância dos valores de PR com as variáveis idade, peso e altura. Resultados – Da aplicação do teste de Friedman verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os vários métodos (p=0,000), excetuando as comparações SCA/Raynaud, Tonnesen/MG e Taylor/MG (p=1,000) para ambos os rins. A correlação de Pearson demonstra que a variável peso apresenta uma correlação forte positiva com todos os métodos de cálculo da PR. Conclusões – O método de Taylor, entre os três métodos de cálculo de PR, é o que apresenta valores de FRR mais próximos da MG. A escolha do método de CA influencia significativamente os parâmetros quantitativos de FRR.