Genotoxicity biomarkers in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: the case of histopathology laboratories

Formaldehyde, classified by the IARC as carcinogenic in humans and experimental animals, is a chemical agent that is widely used in histopathology laboratories. The exposure to this substance is epidemiologically linked to cancer and to nuclear changes detected by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test (CBMN). This method is extensively used in molecular epidemiology, since it provides information on several biomarkers of genotoxicity, such as micronuclei (MN), which are biomarkers of chromosomes breakage or loss, nucleoplasmic bridges (NPB), common biomarkers of chromosome rearrangement, poor repair and/or telomere fusion, and nuclear buds (NBUD), biomarkers of elimination of amplified DNA. The aim of this study is to compare the frequency of genotoxicity biomarkers, provided by the CBMN assay in peripheral lymphocytes and the MN test in buccal cells, between individuals occupationally exposed and non-exposed to formaldehyde and other environmental factors, namely tobacco and alcohol consumption. The sample comprised two groups: 56 individuals occupationally exposed to formaldehyde (cases) and 85 unexposed individuals (controls), from whom both peripheral blood and exfoliated epithelial cells of the oral mucosa were collected in order to measure the genetic endpoints proposed in this study. The mean level of TWA8h was 0.16±0.11ppm (

Assessment of fungal contamination in a group of Lisbon's gymnasiums with a swimming pool

The study’s main purpose was the assessment of the environmental fungal contamination, the exploration of possible associations between related environmental variables and the study of the relationship between fungal contamination of air and surfaces. A descriptive study was developed based upon air and surfaces monitoring for fungal contamination in ten indoor gymnasiums with a swimming pool located in Lisbon’s urban area. Fifty 200 litres air samples and 120 surface swabs were collected. Surfaces samples were collected before and after cleaning and disinfection and temperature and relative humidity values were registered during the collection period. Twenty five different species of fungi were identified in the air samples, being the three most commonly isolated genera the following: Cladosporium (36.6%), Penicillium (19.0%) and Aspergillus (10.2%). Thirty-seven different species of fungi were identified in the surface samples. Fusarium sp. was the most frequent genera before (19.1%) and after (17.2%) cleaning and disinfection. There was a significant association between the numbers of visitors and the fungal contamination determined in the surface samples (p<0.05). There was no significant association (p>0.05) between the contamination encountered in the air samples and the one registered in the surface samples and between the fungal contamination and the temperature or relative humidity measured on location. The data obtained enabled the assessment of the establishment’s fungal contamination and led the authors to conclude, consequently, that physical activity, which generally promotes health, can in fact be challenged by this factor.

Produção de argamassas de cimento com incorporação de um resíduo da refinação de petróleo

A indústria cimenteira é um dos sectores que mais contribui para um elevado impacto ambiental. O processo de produção de cimento requer a utilização de grandes quantidades de recursos naturais, é energeticamente intensivo e emite elevadas taxas de dióxido de carbono para a atmosfera. Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se contribuir para a mitigação do impacto ambiental provocado pelo processo de fabrico do cimento estudando a viabilidade da substituição parcial de cimento por um material com propriedades cimentícias. O material cimentício estudado foi um resíduo da indústria da refinação de petróleo, em concreto, o catalisador exausto produzido na unidade de “craking” catalítico (FCC) da refinaria da Petrogal, em Sines. Na prossecução do objectivo deste trabalho prepararam-se misturas de cimento com teores de incorporação catalisador exausto de FCC de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30%, em massa, para avaliar o efeito do teor do resíduo incorporado em propriedades reológicas e mecânicas de argamassas, em função do tempo de hidratação. Pretendeu-se, ainda, avaliar se as misturas de cimento com incorporação do resíduo correspondem às especificações requeridas pela norma europeia em vigor (NP EN 19 -1:2001). Numa segunda fase do trabalho estudou-se ternária composta por cimento, resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC e resíduo de pedra natural. Em função da sua composição, foram produzidas quatro séries diferentes de argamassas: - Argamassas de referência que incluem na sua composição cimento, areia e água (de acordo com a NP EN 196-1:2006); - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC tal como foi recebido da refinaria (misturas binárias); - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC moído (misturas binárias); e, - Argamassas com substituição parcial de cimento por catalisador exausto de FCC e resíduo de pedra natural (misturas ternárias). Todas estas argamassas foram elaboradas adoptando um procedimento experimental que se baseia no descrito na norma NP EN 196-1:2006. Ao longo da campanha experimental, as argamassas foram sujeitas a ensaios no estado fresco e ensaios no estado endurecido, em diferentes tempos de hidratação, para determinar algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, respectivamente. As argamassas de referência e as misturas binárias foram ensaiadas aos 2, 7, 28, 56 e 90 dias e as misturas binárias foram ensaiadas aos 2, 7 e 28 dias. No estado fresco realizaram-se ensaios de determinação da consistência por espalhamento, determinação da massa volúmica e ensaios de teor em ar. No estado endurecido foram determinadas as resistências à flexão e à flexão. Da análise dos resultados pod inferir que o resíduo de catalisador exausto de FCC apresenta actividade pozolânica, de tal forma que, argamassas conteores de substituição de cimento por este resíduo até 15% (com adição de superplastificante) estão conforme a norma NP EN 197-1:2001 no que respeita à resistência à compressão, em todos os tempos de hidratação especificados. Relativamente às misturas ternárias, verificou-se que conforme a norma NP EN 197-1:2001, o cimento pode ser substituído pelos dois resíduos em simultâneo até 20%. Verificou-se ainda que utilizando qualquer um dos resíduos com superplastificante, este teor poderia aumentar até 30%.

Maintaining image quality for paediatric chest CTs while lowering dose: FBP versus SAFIRE

Objectives: Children have a greater risk from radiation, per unit dose, due to increased radiosensitivity and longer life expectancies. It is of paramount importance to reduce the radiation dose received by children. This research concerns chest CT examinations on paediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the image quality and the dose received from imaging with images reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and five strengths of Sinogram-Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE). Methods: Using a multi-slice CT scanner, six series of images were taken of a paediatric phantom. Two kVp values (80 and 110), 3 mAs values (25, 50 and 100) and 2 slice thicknesses (1 mm and 3 mm) were used. All images were reconstructed with FBP and five strengths of SAFIRE. Ten observers evaluated visual image quality. Dose was measured using CT-Expo. Results: FBP required a higher dose than all SAFIRE strengths to obtain the same image quality for sharpness and noise. For sharpness and contrast image quality ratings of 4, FBP required doses of 6.4 and 6.8 mSv respectively. SAFIRE 5 required doses of 3.4 and 4.3 mSv respectively. Clinical acceptance rate was improved by the higher voltage (110 kV) for all images in comparison to 80 kV, which required a higher dose for acceptable image quality. 3 mm images were typically better quality than 1 mm images. Conclusion: SAFIRE 5 was optimal for dose reduction and image quality.

Development of a high-throughput monitoring technique of bacteria photodynamic inactivation

Summary form only given. Bacterial infections and the fight against them have been one of the major concerns of mankind since the dawn of time. During the `golden years' of antibiotic discovery, during the 1940-90s, it was thought that the war against infectious diseases had been won. However currently, due to the drug resistance increase, associated with the inefficiency of discovering new antibiotic classes, infectious diseases are again a major public health concern. A potential alternative to antibiotic treatments may be the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) therapy. To date no indication of antimicrobial PDI resistance development has been reported. However the PDI protocol depends on the bacteria species [1], and in some cases on the bacteria strains, for instance Staphylococcus aureus [2]. Therefore the development of PDI monitoring techniques for diverse bacteria strains is critical in pursuing further understanding of such promising alternative therapy. The present works aims to evaluate Fourier-Transformed-Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy to monitor the PDI of two model bacteria, a gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and a gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. For that a high-throughput FTIR spectroscopic method was implemented as generally described in Scholz et al. [3], using short incubation periods and microliter quantities of the incubation mixture containing the bacteria and the PDI-drug model the known bactericidal tetracationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (4-N, N, Ntrimethylammoniumphenyl)-porphyrin p-tosylate (TTAP4+). In both bacteria models it was possible to detect, by FTIR-spectroscopy, the drugs effect on the cellular composition either directly on the spectra or on score plots of principal component analysis. Furthermore the technique enabled to infer the effect of PDI on the major cellular biomolecules and metabolic status, for example the turn-over metabolism. In summary bacteria PDI was monitored in an economic, rapid (in minutes- , high-throughput (using microplates with 96 wells) and highly sensitive mode resourcing to FTIR spectroscopy, which could serve has a technological basis for the evaluation of antimicrobial PDI therapies efficiency.