Joining the online video conversation? Discourse and practices of European political institutions and politicians on YouTube

To mimic the online practices of citizens has been declared an imperative to improve communication and extend participation. This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of how European discourses praising online video as a communication tool have been translated into actual practices by politicians, governments and organisations. By contrasting official documents with YouTube activity, it is argued that new opportunities for European political communication are far from being fully embraced, much akin to the early years of websites. The main choice has been to use YouTube channels fundamentally for distribution and archiving, thus neglecting its social media features. The disabling of comments by many heads of state and prime ministers - and, in 2010, the European Commission - indicates such an attitude. The few attempts made to foster citizen engagement, in particular during elections, have had limited success, given low participation numbers and lack of argument exchange.

Trabalho político em saúde: a tuberculose no Rio de Janeiro

A intervenção sobre a tuberculose no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, revela atualmente uma intensificação e alargamento das articulações de pessoas, organizações e instituições envolvidas. Para compreender este processo, recorri ao mapeamento de arenas e mundos sociais. Os mundos sociais definem-se pela partilha de objetivos e de ações, constituindo unidades de ação coletiva. Para atingir os seus objetivos precisam de interagir com outros mundos sociais. Os espaços onde interagem sobre temas de comum interesse, mas sobre os quais têm perspetivas e até objetivos diferentes, denominam-se arenas. O estudo revelou que a arena da tuberculose no Rio de Janeiro se ampliou na última década, aumentando e diversificando os mundos sociais envolvidos, através do “trabalho político” de pessoas e organizações locais, nacionais e internacionais, isto é, através da atribuição de poder a determinadas instâncias com base na valorização ética de objetivos comuns. Este trabalho político tem vindo a implicar a interseção com as arenas do Sistema Único de Saúde e do VIH-Sida. A ampliação da arena da tuberculose redefine a própria doença e as formas de intervir sobre ela. Os apoios socioeconómicos para as/os pacientes, o tratamento de comorbidades, os direitos humanos, bem como outras questões que extravasam a perspetiva biomédica, integram agora as agendas da tuberculose. Neste processo, os intervenientes alargam também as fronteiras da ação na saúde.

Avaliação da intervenção socioeducativa sobre a violência na escola

A investigação desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto Estratégias de Intervenção socioeducativa em contextos sociais complexos enquadra-se na avaliação das políticas sociais e educativas, em particular no que diz respeito à segurança escolar em contextos marcados pela diversidade e complexidade social e cultural. O processo de avaliação centrou-se na análise das estratégias de intervenção socioeducativa relativas ao problema da violência na escola, desenvolvidas em três escolas de um concelho da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Partindo do pressuposto que a violência na escola é um fenómeno multideterminado e multifacetado, a pesquisa centrou-se numa abordagem que enquadra as esferas de intervenção/ação das instituições formais e dos agentes sociais enquanto mecanismos que estruturam e regulam as concepções e práticas de violência na escola. A recolha e sistematização de informação centrou-se, por um lado, nas estratégias de intervenção que têm vindo a ser desenvolvidas localmente pelas escolas, e, por outro, nas perspetivas dos diferentes intervenientes, considerando-se os alunos, osprofessores, as direções escolares e representantes das entidades e instituições locais. Metodologicamente, privilegiou-se o cruzamento de métodos de carácter extensivo e intensivo, combinando técnicas como a Observação Direta, a realização de Entrevistas, de Grupos Focais, de Questionários, e ainda, a Análise de Redes e a Análise Documental. Numa fase posterior, os diversos intervenientes participaram na discussão e análise dos resultados previamente recolhidos, e na validação conjunta de uma metodologia de intervenção que define um conjunto de estratégias gerais de combate às situações de violência na escola e nos territórios educativos. Esta metodologia é o principal produto do projeto e resulta de um processo de avaliação dinâmico e participado. A contribuição que se apresenta no VI Encontro do CIED ocupa-se dos procedimentos de avaliação desenvolvidos no âmbito deste projeto.

James W. Carey as critical theorist of the information age

This paper suggests that the thought of the North-American critical theorist James W. Carey provides a relevant perspective on communication and technology. Having as background American social pragmatism and progressive thinkers of the beginning of the 20th century (as Dewey, Mead, Cooley, and Park), Carey built a perspective that brought together the political economy of Harold A. Innis, the social criticism of David Riesman and Charles W. Mills and incorporated Marxist topics such as commodification and sociocultural domination. The main goal of this paper is to explore the connection established by Carey between modern technological communication and what he called the “transmissive model”, a model which not only reduces the symbolic process of communication to instrumentalization and to information delivery, but also politically converges with capitalism as well as power, control and expansionist goals. Conceiving communication as a process that creates symbolic and cultural systems, in which and through which social life takes place, Carey gives equal emphasis to the incorporation processes of communication.If symbolic forms and culture are ways of conditioning action, they are also influenced by technological and economic materializations of symbolic systems, and by other conditioning structures. In Carey’s view, communication is never a disembodied force; rather, it is a set of practices in which co-exist conceptions, techniques and social relations. These practices configure reality or, alternatively, can refute, transform and celebrate it. Exhibiting sensitiveness favourable to the historical understanding of communication, media and information technologies, one of the issues Carey explored most was the history of the telegraph as an harbinger of the Internet, of its problems and contradictions. For Carey, Internet was seen as the contemporary heir of the communications revolution triggered by the prototype of transmission technologies, namely the telegraph in the 19th century. In the telegraph Carey saw the prototype of many subsequent commercial empires based on science and technology, a pioneer model for complex business management; an example of conflict of interest for the control over patents; an inducer of changes both in language and in structures of knowledge; and a promoter of a futurist and utopian thought of information technologies. After a brief approach to Carey’s communication theory, this paper focuses on his seminal essay "Technology and ideology. The case of the telegraph", bearing in mind the prospect of the communication revolution introduced by Internet. We maintain that this essay has seminal relevance for critically studying the information society. Our reading of it highlights the reach, as well as the problems, of an approach which conceives the innovation of the telegraph as a metaphor for all innovations, announcing the modern stage of history and determining to this day the major lines of development in modern communication systems.

‘Thy love afar is spite at home' Emerson, Thoreau and Carey: an alternative perspective of communication in US

The conquest of the West by the stagecoaches and then by railway, Ford and the automobile civilization, the Moon landing by Apollo 11, Microsoft, Apple, CNN, Google and Facebook have appeared to us as celebratory examples of the willingness and ability of the US to overcome the distance and the absence through so-called modern progress of transportation and communication. Undoubtedly, the imaginary and the instrumental power associated to transports and communication of the last century and a half are identified with the mental images that the world has of the US. A world that has eagerly imported and copy their technology and technological culture. Beyond the illusions, this attempting, which has always been praised to transcende space and eclipse the time to get to places and peole increasingly distant and fast, has always a dark side: the political control of population, commercial advertising, the spread of the rumors, noise and gossip. However, since at least the nineteenth century, the political project incorporated in modern transportation and communication technologies was not shared by some of the most remarkable thinkers in the US not only in that century, but also in the 20th century. This paper begins by rescue Ralph W. Emerson and Henry D. Thoreau legacy regarding to communication. Emerson conceived communication as a give-and-take with no coordination between the two, and does not involve contact with the other. Thoreau, in turn, argued that modern trasnportation and communications inventions are but pretty toys which distract attention from serious things, nothing more than 'improved means to an end that is not perfected.' Secondly, we show that this skeptical view of the techological improvement of transport and communication was proceed in an original way with James W. Carey, a media studies thinker who became known for his criticism of the transmission view of communication.