Serviço público de televisão na Europa: o princípio do fim ou um novo começo no século XXI?

Nas últimas décadas, nem um só mês passou sem que tenham surgido, num ou noutro país, uma grande reportagem, um livro, uma conferência ou um estudo acerca do serviço público de televisão (SPT). Ouvimos constantemente que novas leis são adoptadas ou que se sucedem lançamentos de reformas das organizações de SPT em determinado local. Tudo isto atesta a importância desta instituição de radiodifusão. Contudo, tal pode ser interpretado como sendo uma evidência da sensibilidade e da vulnerabilidade do conceito do serviço público de radiodifusão, que está permanentemente em mutação, necessitando de constantes reajustamento, redefinição, reafirmação da sua legitimidade e adaptação a um novo contexto. A Assembleia Parlamentar do Conselho Europeu referiu que o SPT é “uma das instituições sociopolíticas e de media chave desenvolvidas pelas democracias da Europa Ocidental no século XX” e que debatê-lo é, na realidade, discutir “acerca dos fundamentos filosóficos, ideológicos e culturais da sociedade e acerca do papel do Estado e do sector público em ir de encontro às necessidades dos indivíduos e da sociedade como um todo” (“Public service broadcasting”, 2004). Por outras palavras, quando consideramos o modelo futuro do SPT, estamos na realidade a falar no tipo de sociedade em que queremos viver. A referida assembleia chamou os estados membros de modo a se “definir um enquadramento apropriado para o funcionamento do serviço público de radiodifusão bem como a sua adaptação e modernização de forma a satisfazer as necessidades do público e os requisitos da era digital” (“Recomendação 1641”, 2004), criando condições para que o SPT continue a servir o público e a cidadania política e cultural.

James W. Carey as critical theorist of the information age

This paper suggests that the thought of the North-American critical theorist James W. Carey provides a relevant perspective on communication and technology. Having as background American social pragmatism and progressive thinkers of the beginning of the 20th century (as Dewey, Mead, Cooley, and Park), Carey built a perspective that brought together the political economy of Harold A. Innis, the social criticism of David Riesman and Charles W. Mills and incorporated Marxist topics such as commodification and sociocultural domination. The main goal of this paper is to explore the connection established by Carey between modern technological communication and what he called the “transmissive model”, a model which not only reduces the symbolic process of communication to instrumentalization and to information delivery, but also politically converges with capitalism as well as power, control and expansionist goals. Conceiving communication as a process that creates symbolic and cultural systems, in which and through which social life takes place, Carey gives equal emphasis to the incorporation processes of communication.If symbolic forms and culture are ways of conditioning action, they are also influenced by technological and economic materializations of symbolic systems, and by other conditioning structures. In Carey’s view, communication is never a disembodied force; rather, it is a set of practices in which co-exist conceptions, techniques and social relations. These practices configure reality or, alternatively, can refute, transform and celebrate it. Exhibiting sensitiveness favourable to the historical understanding of communication, media and information technologies, one of the issues Carey explored most was the history of the telegraph as an harbinger of the Internet, of its problems and contradictions. For Carey, Internet was seen as the contemporary heir of the communications revolution triggered by the prototype of transmission technologies, namely the telegraph in the 19th century. In the telegraph Carey saw the prototype of many subsequent commercial empires based on science and technology, a pioneer model for complex business management; an example of conflict of interest for the control over patents; an inducer of changes both in language and in structures of knowledge; and a promoter of a futurist and utopian thought of information technologies. After a brief approach to Carey’s communication theory, this paper focuses on his seminal essay "Technology and ideology. The case of the telegraph", bearing in mind the prospect of the communication revolution introduced by Internet. We maintain that this essay has seminal relevance for critically studying the information society. Our reading of it highlights the reach, as well as the problems, of an approach which conceives the innovation of the telegraph as a metaphor for all innovations, announcing the modern stage of history and determining to this day the major lines of development in modern communication systems.