Ampliação do porto de pesca de Rabo de Peixe

O presente relatório de estágio enquadra-se no âmbito do Trabalho Final de Mestrado inserido no curso em Engenharia Civil, do perfil de Estruturas, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa. Como tal, foi realizado um estágio na empresa Consulmar – Consultores e Projectistas, Lda. com o objectivo de realizar o acompanhamento do projecto que consiste na Ampliação do Porto de Pesca de Rabo de Peixe, na Ilha dos Açores. O estudo dividiu-se em três partes: a primeira parte consistiu no acompanhamento da fase de Estudo prévio, onde a empresa Consulmar, Lda. apresenta o estudo de várias soluções ao cliente; a segunda parte consistiu no acompanhamento da fase de Projecto Base, em que o cliente escolhe as soluções que acha mais convenientes para se elaborar um estudo mais profundo para o desenrolar da obra; por fim, a terceira parte consistiu no dimensionamento de uma ponte-cais contemplada no projecto em questão. Para tal, a ponte-cais foi modelada através do programa de cálculo automático SAP 2000, sendo a partir dos valores obtidos feito o dimensionamento. Por fim, o trabalho desenvolvido foi muito enriquecedor, pois permitiu o estudo das fases mais relevantes de um Projecto de Estruturas e desta forma ter algum conhecimento da vida profissional esperada no futuro.

Ampliação do porto de pesca de Rabo de Peixe, Ilha de São Miguel, Açores

Refere-se o presente trabalho ao Estudo Prévio de Ampliação do Porto de Pesca de Rabo de Peixe, situado na costa norte da ilha de São Miguel, no arquipélago dos Açores. Trata-se de um estudo que se reveste de alguma complexidade, não só pelas condições de agitação severas que assolam frequentemente toda a costa norte da ilha, como pelas particularidades das infra-estruturas existentes e programa de necessidades a satisfazer. A sua realização envolveu o uso de várias ferramentas de cálculo, designadamente de um programa matemático de Refracção Espectral, para transferência da agitação do largo para o local, modelação matemática da propagação da agitação para o interior do porto, e formulações várias para predimensionamento estrutural dos mantos de protecção, muros-cortina e verificação da estabilidade do molhe em estrutura mista. O Estudo Prévio inicia com a descrição das infra-estruturas portuárias existentes e historial do porto, passa depois para a caracterização das condições naturais locais, procedendo-se posteriormente à definição do programa de necessidades. Por ter envolvido o estudo de um grande número de soluções (cerca de onze), antes da descrição das soluções preseleccionadas e posteriormente analisadas mais detalhadamente (apenas três), procede-se à descrição de todas as soluções alternativas e variantes inicialmente consideradas, enumeram-se as suas principais características, vantagens e desvantagens, bem como as razões que levaram à sua exclusão. Para cada uma das três soluções alternativas preseleccionadas apresenta-se: • Descrição e justificação do Arranjo Geral; • Caracterização do comportamento hidráulico e estrutural esperado das obras de abrigo; • Descrição das obras interiores propostas; • Interferência nas condições actuais de entrada no porto; • Processo construtivo; • Estimativa de custo. Finalmente, procede-se à análise comparativa das soluções propostas e à recomendação da que se considera técnica e economicamente mais vantajosa.

IL23R polymorphisms influence phenotype and response to therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis

Objective - We aimed to identify the clinical and genetic [IL23 receptor (IL23R) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] predictors of response to therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Patients and methods - A total of 174 patients with ulcerative colitis, 99 women and 75 men, were included. The mean age of the patients was 47±15 years and the mean disease duration was 11±9 years. The number of patients classified as responders (R) or nonresponders (NR) to several therapies was as follows: 110 R and 53 NR to mesalazine (5-ASA), 28 R and 20 NR to azathioprine (AZT), 18 R and 7 NR to infliximab. Clinical and demographic variables were recorded. A total of four SNPs were studied: IL23R G1142A, C2370A, G43045A, and G9T. Genotyping was performed by real-time PCR using Taqman probes. Results - Older patients were more prone to respond to 5-ASA (P=0.004), whereas those with pancolitis were less likely to respond to such therapies (P=0.002). Patients with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) were less likely to respond to 5-ASA (P=0.001), AZT (P=0.03), and corticosteroids (P=0.06). Carriers of the mutant allele for IL23R SNPs had a significantly higher probability of developing EIMs (P<0.05), a higher probability of being refractory to 5-ASA (P<0.03), but a higher likelihood of responding to AZT (P=0.05). A significant synergism was observed between IL23R C2370A and EIMs with respect to nonresponse to 5-ASA (P=0.03). Conclusion - Besides extent of disease and age at disease onset, the presence of EIMs may be a marker of refractoriness to 5-ASA, corticosteroids, and AZT. IL23R SNPs are associated both with EIMs and with nonresponse to 5-ASA and corticosteroids.

Development and validation of a psychometric scale for assessing PA chest image quality: a pilot study

Purpose - To develop and validate a psychometric scale for assessing image quality perception for chest X-ray images. Methods - Bandura's theory was used to guide scale development. A review of the literature was undertaken to identify items/factors which could be used to evaluate image quality using a perceptual approach. A draft scale was then created (22 items) and presented to a focus group (student and qualified radiographers). Within the focus group the draft scale was discussed and modified. A series of seven postero-anterior chest images were generated using a phantom with a range of image qualities. Image quality perception was confirmed for the seven images using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR 17.2–36.5). Participants (student and qualified radiographers and radiology trainees) were then invited to independently score each of the seven images using the draft image quality perception scale. Cronbach alpha was used to test interval reliability. Results - Fifty three participants used the scale to grade image quality perception on each of the seven images. Aggregated mean scale score increased with increasing SNR from 42.1 to 87.7 (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). For each of the 22 individual scale items there was clear differentiation of low, mid and high quality images. A Cronbach alpha coefficient of >0.7 was obtained across each of the seven images. Conclusion - This study represents the first development of a chest image quality perception scale based on Bandura's theory. There was excellent correlation between the image quality perception scores derived using the scale and the SNR. Further research will involve a more detailed item and factor analysis.

Image quality and dose analysis for a PA chest X-ray: comparison between AEC mode acquisition and manual mode using the 10 kVp ‘rule’

Purpose - To compare the image quality and effective dose applying the 10 kVp rule with manual mode acquisition and AEC mode in PA chest X-ray. Method - 68 images (with and without lesions) were acquired using an anthropomorphic chest phantom using a Wolverson Arcoma X-ray unit. These images were compared against a reference image using the 2 alternative forced choice (2AFC) method. The effective dose (E) was calculated using PCXMC software using the exposure parameters and the DAP. The exposure index (lgM provided by Agfa systems) was recorded. Results - Exposure time decreases more when applying the 10 kVp rule with manual mode (50%–28%) when compared with automatic mode (36%–23%). Statistical differences for E between several ionization chambers' combinations for AEC mode were found (p = 0.002). E is lower when using only the right AEC ionization chamber. Considering the image quality there are no statistical differences (p = 0.348) between the different ionization chambers' combinations for AEC mode for images with no lesions. Considering lgM values, it was demonstrated that they were higher when the AEC mode was used compared to the manual mode. It was also observed that lgM values obtained with AEC mode increased as kVp value went up. The image quality scores did not demonstrate statistical significant differences (p = 0.343) for the images with lesions comparing manual with AEC mode. Conclusion - In general the E is lower when manual mode is used. By using the right AEC ionising chamber under the lung the E will be the lowest in comparison to other ionising chambers. The use of the 10 kVp rule did not affect the visibility of the lesions or image quality.

Image quality and dose analysis in PA chest x-ray: comparison between AEC and manual mode acquisition using the 10 kVp rule

Purpose: To compare image quality and effective dose when the 10 kVp rule is applied with manual and AEC mode in PA chest X-ray. Methods and Materials: A total of 68 images (with and without lesions) were acquired of an anthropomorphic chest phantom in a Wolverson Arcoma X-ray unit. The images were evaluated against a reference image using image quality criteria and the 2 alternative forced choice (2 AFC) method by five radiographers. The effective dose was calculated using PCXMC software using the exposure parameters and DAP. The exposure index (lgM) was recorded. Results: Exposure time decreases considerably when applying the 10 kVp rule in manual mode (50%-28%) compared to AEC mode (36%-23%). Statistical differences for effective dose between several AEC modes were found (p=0.002). The effective dose is lower when using only the right AEC ionization chamber. Considering image quality, there are no statistical differences (p=0.348) between the different AEC modes for images with no lesions. Using a higher kVp value the lgM values will also increase. The lgM values showed significant statistical differences (p=0.000). The image quality scores did not present statistically significant differences (p=0.043) for the images with lesions when comparing manual with AEC modes. Conclusion: In general, the dose is lower in the manual mode. By using the right AEC ionising chamber the effective dose will be the lowest in comparison to other ionising chambers. The use of the 10 kVp rule did not affect the detectability of the lesions.

Development and validation of a psychometric scale for assessing PA chest image quality

Purpose - To develop and validate a psychometric scale for assessing image quality for chest radiographs.