Structural characterization of Co‐Re superlattices

Co‐Re superlattices were prepared with nominal periodicities of 65–67 Å and varying bilayer composition. The structural characterization was made by x‐ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). First, second, and third order satellites are observed in the x‐ray diffractogram at 2θ values and with intensities close to those predicted by simulation. This confirms the coherence of the superlattice. RBS measurements combined with RUMP simulations give information on interface sharpness and the absolute thicknesses of the Co and Re layers. Discrepancies between the experimental and simulated diffractograms are found for Co thicknesses below 18 Å.

Intermodulation in active reconfigurable antennas

Due to the application of active components into antennas these became a source of distortion on wireless communication systems. In this paper we explore the nonlinear effects occurring in a frequency reconfigurable antenna operating with a PIN Diode. We describe the measurement setup used to check the antenna intermodulation products and the measured compression and third order intermodulation limitations of a frequency reconfigurable antenna, operating at the UMTS and WLAN frequencies.

Imunohistoquímica no diagnóstico da glomerulonefrite membranosa: estudo comparativo de binómios cromogênio + coloração de contraste

A glomerulonefrite membranosa faz parte das doenças glomerulares que provocam glomerulonefrite crônica, apresentando-se como uma das causas da doença renal terminal. As técnicas de imunofluorescência são o gold standard no estudo imunológico desta patologia em biópsia renal, através da deteção de imunocomplexos (e.g. IgG e C3) e do seu padrão de distribuição granular característico. No entanto, a imunofluorescência não permite uma contextualização histológica e os fluorocromos utilizados possuem um reduzido tempo de atividade, ao contrário das técnicas imunoenzimáticas que utilizam cromogénios coloridos precipitados que permitem a obtenção de uma marcação permanente e a sua contextualização histológica por via da utilização de eficientes colorações de contraste. Com a finalidade de contribuir para a qualidade do diagnóstico da glomerulonefrite membranosa, em biópsias renais, procurou-se, com esta pesquisa, identificar uma técnica imunoenzimática, através da conjugação entre diferentes cromogênios e colorações de contraste, que permita a deteção de depósitos de IgG e C3, com padrão granular. Foram constituídos diferentes binômios cromogênio + coloração, com os cromogênios 3,3›- Diaminobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride e 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole e as colorações Periodic Acid Schiff, Periodic Acid Methenamine Silver e Hematoxilina. Foram utilizadas 72 secções de tecido provenientes de seis de casos de biópsias renais com diagnóstico de glomerulonefrite membranosa, fixados em formalina a 10% e incluídos em parafina. A recolha de dados foi realizada por observação microscópica com preenchimento de uma grelha de classificação dos parâmetros: preservação da morfologia, intensidade da marcação específica, quantidade relativa de estruturas marcadas, marcação inespecífica/fundo, contraste e padrão da marcação, que permitiu a classificação dos binómios estudados num score quantitativo de 0-100 pontos. O binômio que apresentou melhores resultados foi 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole + Hematoxilina (score 71,81) e o binômio 3,3›- Diaminobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride+Periodic Acid Methenamine Silver (score 7,81), apresentou os piores resultados. O resultado do teste Kruskal-Wallis indica-nos a presença de diferenças estatísticas entre os binómios em estudo (p=0,000). A Hematoxilina pode ser considerada a coloração mais eficaz, pois cumpriu a sua função de auxiliar e facilitar a observação do tipo de padrão com os dois cromogênios utilizados. O cromogênio 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole apresentou resultados semelhantes aos produzidos pelo 3,3›-Diaminobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride, no entanto, permitiu identificar em todos os casos o padrão granular de imunomarcação, ao contrário do que aconteceu com este último.

Optimization of immunocytochemistry in cytology: comparison of two protocols for fixation and preservation on cytospin and smear preparations

Objective: A new protocol for fixation and slide preservation was evaluated in order to improve the quality of immunocytochemical reactions on cytology slides. Methods: The quality of immunoreactions was evaluated retrospectively on 186 cytology slides (130 direct smears, 56 cytospins) prepared from different cytology samples. Ninety-three of the slides were air dried, stored at -20 °C and fixed in acetone for 10 minutes (Protocol 1), whereas the other 93 were immediately fixed in methanol at -20 °C for at least 30 minutes, subsequently protected with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and stored at room temperature (Protocol 2). Immunocytochemical staining, with eight primary antibodies, was performed on a Ventana BenchMark Ultra instrument using an UltraView Universal DAB Detection Kit. The following parameters were evaluated for each immunoreaction: morphology preservation, intensity of specific staining, background and counterstain. The slides were blinded and independently scored by four observers with marks from 0 to 20. Results: The quality of immunoreactions was better on methanol-fixed slides protected with PEG than on air-dried slides stored in the freezer: X¯ = 14.44 ± 3.58 versus X¯ = 11.02 ± 3.86, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Immediate fixation of cytology slides in cold methanol with subsequent application of PEG is an easy and straightforward procedure that improves the quality of immunocytochemical reactions and allows the storage of the slides at room temperature.

Tissue composition and density impact on the clinical parameters for 125I prostate implants dosimetry

The MCNPX code was used to calculate the TG-43U1 recommended parameters in water and prostate tissue in order to quantify the dosimetric impact in 30 patients treated with (125)I prostate implants when replacing the TG-43U1 formalism parameters calculated in water by a prostate-like medium in the planning system (PS) and to evaluate the uncertainties associated with Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. The prostate density was obtained from the CT of 100 patients with prostate cancer. The deviations between our results for water and the TG-43U1 consensus dataset values were -2.6% for prostate V100, -13.0% for V150, and -5.8% for D90; -2.0% for rectum V100, and -5.1% for D0.1; -5.0% for urethra D10, and -5.1% for D30. The same differences between our water and prostate results were all under 0.3%. Uncertainties estimations were up to 2.9% for the gL(r) function, 13.4% for the F(r,θ) function and 7.0% for Λ, mainly due to seed geometry uncertainties. Uncertainties in extracting the TG-43U1 parameters in the MC simulations as well as in the literature comparison are of the same order of magnitude as the differences between dose distributions computed for water and prostate-like medium. The selection of the parameters for the PS should be done carefully, as it may considerably affect the dose distributions. The seeds internal geometry uncertainties are a major limiting factor in the MC parameters deduction.

PV system modeling by five parameters and in situ test

This paper focuses on a novel formalization for assessing the five parameter modeling of a photovoltaic cell. An optimization procedure is used as a feasibility problem to find the parameters tuned at the open circuit, maximum power, and short circuit points in order to assess the data needed for plotting the I-V curve. A comparison with experimental results is presented for two monocrystalline PV modules.

PV system modeling by five parameters and in Situ test

This paper focuses on a novel formalization for assessing the five parameter modeling of a photovoltaic cell. An optimization procedure is used as a feasibility problem to find the parameters tuned at the open circuit, maximum power, and short circuit points in order to assess the data needed for plotting the I-V curve. A comparison with experimental results is presented for two monocrystalline PV modules.

Soliton-type and other travelling wave solutions for an improved class of nonlinear sixth-order Boussinesq equations

An improved class of nonlinear bidirectional Boussinesq equations of sixth order using a wave surface elevation formulation is derived. Exact travelling wave solutions for the proposed class of nonlinear evolution equations are deduced. A new exact travelling wave solution is found which is the uniform limit of a geometric series. The ratio of this series is proportional to a classical soliton-type solution of the form of the square of a hyperbolic secant function. This happens for some values of the wave propagation velocity. However, there are other values of this velocity which display this new type of soliton, but the classical soliton structure vanishes in some regions of the domain. Exact solutions of the form of the square of the classical soliton are also deduced. In some cases, we find that the ratio between the amplitude of this wave and the amplitude of the classical soliton is equal to 35/36. It is shown that different families of travelling wave solutions are associated with different values of the parameters introduced in the improved equations.