Risk assessment in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: differences between anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production

Formaldehyde (CH2O), the most simple and reactive of all aldehydes, is colorless, and readily polymerizing gas at normal temperature. The most extensive use is in production of resins and has an important application as a disinfectant and preservative, reason why relevant workplace exposure may also occur in pathology and anatomy laboratories and in mortuaries. A study was carried out in Portugal, in a formaldehyde production resins factory and in 10 pathology and anatomy laboratories. It was applied a risk assessment methodology based on Queensland University proposal that permitted to perform risk assessment for each activity developed in a work station. This methodology was applied in 83 different activities developed in the laboratories and in 18 activities of the factory. Also, Micronucleus Test was performed in lymphocytes from 30 factory workers and 50 laboratories workers.

Avaliação dos factores que contribuem para as queixas oculares em utilizadores de microscópios ópticos

Na actividade dos profissionais de Anatomia Patológica, o microscópio óptico é um componente importante de utilização diária. Esta prática subsiste associada à presença de sintomas visuais, que podem estar relacionados com o estado da visão binocular. Objetivos - Relacionar a sintomatologia com o estado da visão binocular dos referidos profissionais. Observar a influência do trabalho ao microscópio na visão binocular no início e no final da semana de trabalho. Relacionar o número de horas e anos de trabalho com a sintomatologia. Metodologia - Estudo quantitativo do tipo descritivo e correlacional, com 45 participantes (27 citotécnicos e 18 patologistas). Aplicação de um questionário validado para caracterizar a sintomatologia. Avaliação ortóptica no início e no final da semana de trabalho. Resultados - Idade média de 37,73 ± 10,68 anos, com média de 11,08 ± 9,00 anos de exercício profissional e 19,96 ± 9,68 horas semanais de trabalho ao microscópio. Apenas 13,3% apresentavam VB normal. Os principais sintomas astenópicos referidos foram: dificuldade em ver com nitidez, (95,6%), cansaço e peso nos olhos (91,1%), prurido (51,1%) e diplopia (31%). Encontraram-se correlações positivas estatisticamente significativas entre a divergência fusional para longe e as queixas de diplopia ao microscópio (p=0,033; p<0,05), e os resultados do Schirmer Tipo I e as queixas de prurido no final do dia de trabalho (p=0,028; p<0,05). Não foram encontradas alterações significativas nos parâmetros de avaliação da visão binocular entre o início e o final da semana de trabalho. Observou-se correlação negativa estatisticamente significativa (p=0,047), entre a duração das pausas e a dificuldade de visão nítida ao microscópio, sugerindo relação entre a duração das interrupções e a sintomatologia. Discussão / Conclusão - Existe relação entre o trabalho com o microscópio óptico e o aumento das queixas astenópicas, que se podem reduzir com maiores pausas durante o trabalho e com o uso de coadjuvante lacrimal.

Insulin resistance does not play a major role in lipid and apolipoprotein profile in obese women

Background: Obesity is associated with increased atherogenesis through alterations in lipids, among other potential factors. Some of those abnormalities might be mediated by insulin resistance (IR). Aims: To compare lipid and apolipoprotein profile between lean and obese women; to evaluate the influence of IR on lipid and apolipoprotein profile, in obese women. Methods: We studied 112 obese and 100 normal-weight premenopausal women without known cardiovascular disease. Both groups were characterized for anthropometrics and a fasting blood sample was collected for assessment of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL), and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E; IR was assessed by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). We compared lipids between obese and lean women; we looked for correlation of those levels with anthropometrics and IR (independently from anthropometrics) in obese women. Results: Obese women were characterized by mean age=34.6±8.3 years, BMI=43.6±7.9 kg/m2, waist circumference (Wc)=117.5±15.1 cm, and HOMA-IR=4.28±3.5. Lean women (age=34.2±8.3 years, BMI=21.4±1.7 kg/m2, Wc=71.7±5.8 cm, and HOMA-IR=1.21±0.76) presented with significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (P=0.001), LDL-cholesterol (P<0.001), and triglycerides (P<0.001); they presented higher levels of HDL-cholesterol (P<0.001), Apo A-I (P<0.001) and Apo A-II (P=0.037). HOMA-IR showed no significant association with apolipoproteins. HOMA-IR was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol (P=0.048; r=−0.187) but that association disappeared when we adjusted for waist circumference. Only triglycerides were directly associated with HOMA-IR (P<0.001; r=0.343) independently from anthropometrics. Conclusion: We confirm that obese women present worst lipid and apolipoprotein profile. However, with the exception for triglycerides, insulin resistance per se does not play a major role in lipid and apolipoprotein abnormalities observed in obese women.